Abstract
Jing Wei1, Guanzhen Yu2, Genbao Shao1, Aiqin Sun1, Miao Chen1,3, Wannian Yang1, Qiong Lin1
1School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
2Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
3The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
Correspondence to:
Qiong Lin, e-mail: [email protected]
Wannian Yang, e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, CYR61, prognostic biomarker, metastasis, cell migration
Received: January 04, 2016 Accepted: March 31, 2016 Published: April 20, 2016
ABSTRACT
Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) is the most aggressive subtype of gastric cancer with a high metastatic rate. In this report, we collected tumor tissue samples from 214 GCA cases and examined expression of CYR61, a target gene product of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway, in the GCA tumors by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining using the tissue microarray assay (TMA). The results have shown that CYR61 is overexpressed in 44% of the GCA tumor samples. Expression of CYR61 is inversely correlated with cumulative survival of GCA patients (p<0.001) and significantly associated only with metastatic pathological categories (with N category, p=0.052; with TNM stage, p=0.001). Furthermore, knockdown of CYR61 in gastric cancer AGS cells impairs the cancer cell migration and invasion, suggesting a driver role of CYR61 in metastasis. Thus, our studies have established CYR61 as a metastatic biomarker for prediction of poor prognosis of GCA and provided a potential molecular target for anti-metastatic therapy of GCA.
INTRODUCTION
Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA), the type II of gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEJAC), is the most aggressive type of gastric carcinoma [1–3]. Clinical data indicate that the post-surgery recurrence rate of GCA is as high as 50% [4]. Metastasis, particularly the distant metastasis, is the major cause for poor prognosis and low survival rate of GCA [1, 4, 5]. Five year survival rate of GCA patients with distant metastasis is about 2-12% [1]. Thus, targeting metastasis of GCA is a key therapeutic approach for improving survival rate of GCA patients.
Establishing biomarkers and identifying target molecules of GCA metastasis are two important steps for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy of metastasized GCA. Currently, down-regulation of expression of some genes, such as RASSF2, RASSF6, FBXO32, GADD45A, and GADD45G, by methylation has been found to associate with poor prognosis of GCA [6–9]. There are a number of proteins, such as c-Met, Her2, Pim-3, Myc, Sirt1, PLCE1, and CHOP proteins whose expression is correlated with progression of GCA [10–15]. In addition, expression or polymorphisms of microRNAs or long non-coding RNAs (lnc-RNAs) are also associated with progression of GCA [16–18]. Despite a number of biomarkers associated with poor prognosis or progression are established, few of metastatic biomarkers, especially metastatic driver proteins, in GCA have been identified. We have recently found that expression of an E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-1 is significantly associated with metastasis of GCA and correlated with poor survival of GCA patients [19]. We also showed that Nedd4-1 functionally promotes gastric cancer cell migration and invasion, suggesting that Nedd4-1 is a driver protein for metastasis [19]. Further identification and characterization of novel biomarkers that are functionally associated with GCA metastasis are necessary for understanding of GCA progression, improving diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of GCA and developing anti-metastatic drugs for GCA targeted therapy.
CYR61 (or CCN1) is a member of CCN (Cysteine-rich 61(CYR61), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV)) family that contains 6 highly homologous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins involved in cell adhesion signaling [20]. CYR61 is a target gene product of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ transcription pathway [21–23]. The Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway is known to promote tumor growth and metastasis [24–26]. CYR61 mediates the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling in activation of cancer cell adhesion, migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis [21, 27, 28]. We have shown that expression of CYR61 is up-regulated by geranylgeranylation signaling that activates the YAP/TAZ-mediated cell migration in the triple negative (ER-/PR-/Her2-) breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells [21]. In addition, expression of CYR61 is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer, ovarian cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [29–31]. These studies lead us to test CYR61 as a metastatic biomarker in GCA.
In this report, we have detected expression of CYR61 in tumor samples from 214 GCA cases by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining using tissue microarray assay (TMA). Statistical analysis of the data has shown that CYR61 expression is positively correlated with metastasis of GCA and inversely associated with cumulative survival of GCA patients. Down-regulation of CYR61 by expression of the CYR61 shRNA in gastric cancer AGS cells impairs the cell migration and invasion, suggesting a driver role of CYR61 in metastasis. The results have demonstrated that CYR61 is a biomarker for prediction of poor prognosis of GCA and a potential molecular target for anti-metastatic therapy of GCA.
RESULTS
CYR61 is overexpressed in GCA tumor tissues and its expression is inversely correlated with cumulative survival of GCA patients
We detected CYR61 expression in both the GCA tumor tissues and the adjacent normal tissues from 214 GCA cases by IHC staining using tissue microarray assay (TMA). As shown Figure 1A, the average IHC staining score of CYR61 in the GCA tumor tissue is 66.725 with a standard deviation of 62.817 while in the normal tissue is 44.879 with a standard deviation of 50.124 (p = 0.0025), indicating that expression of CYR61 in the GCA tumor tissue is significantly higher than in the normal tissue. We further examined whether expression of CYR61 is associated with cumulative survival of GCA patients. The TMA assay has shown that 94 of the 214 GCA tumors (44%) were strongly stained with anti-CYR61, and 120 tumor samples (56%) had weak or no staining (Figure 1B), indicating that CYR61 is overexpressed in GCA with a high frequency.
Figure 1: CYR61 is overexpressed in GCA and the overexpression is inversely correlated with cumulative survival of GCA patients. A. Expression of CYR61 in GCA tumor tissue is significantly higher than in their adjacent normal gastric cardia tissue. The score distribution of IHC staining of CYR61 in both GCA tumors (T) and their adjacent normal tissue (N) is shown in the box plots. The black dots at top are scores outside of the box plots. The mean scores and standard deviation (SD) are shown at bottom of the box plots. B. IHC staining of CYR61 in GCA tumor samples. C. Kaplan-Meier survival curve of the CYR61 positive and negative GCA patients. The Chi-square and p values from Mantel-Cox test and the mean survival for the CYR61 negative and positive GCA are shown in the figure. The p value was calculated from Mantel-Cox test.
To assess the role of CYR61 in prognosis, we determined association of CYR61 expression with cumulative survival of the post-surgery GCA patients by statistical analysis. As shown in the Kaplan-Meier survival graph (Figure 1C), the patients with the CYR61 negative tumor had average cumulative survival of 78.166 ± 4.587 months during the follow-up. On the other hand, the CYR61 positive patients had average cumulative survival of 45.465 ± 4.828 months (Figure 1C). Difference between the CYR61 positive and negative patient’s cumulative survival is determined by log-rank test (Figure 1C). The chi-square value is 20.873 with p<0.001, indicating that cumulative survival between the CYR61 positive and the negative patients is dramatically different and that CYR61 expression is significantly inversely associated with post-surgery survival of GCA.
Using multivariate Cox regression model, we analyzed association of clinicopathological characteristics and CYR61 expression with AGC cumulative survival. Three variants, including TNM stage (p=0.049), N-categories (p=0.025), and CYR61 expression (p=0.001), are significantly inversely associated with cumulative survival of GCA (Table 1). Other variants, such as T category, differentiation and tumor size, are not significantly associated with cumulative survival. Among the three variants inversely associated with cumulative survival, CYR61 expression is the most significant one (p=0.001). The hazard ratio of CYR61 that is inversely correlated with cumulative survival equals to 0.461 with 95% CI of 0.286-0.742, which is comparable to the hazard ratio of N-category (HR=0.364, 95% CI=0.150-0.882) or TMN stage (HR=0.617, 95% CI=0.382-0.998). These results have demonstrated that CYR61 expression is an important clinical index for prediction of poor prognosis of GCA. Since TNM stage and N category are pathological indexes for metastasis, these data strongly suggest that metastasis is the cause for GCA mortality and that CYR61 is involved in metastasis of GCA.
Table 1: Multivariate Cox regression analysis of correlation of clinicopathological characteristics and CYR61 with AGC cumulative survival
Category | Hazard ratio (95%CI) | P |
|---|---|---|
TMN stage | 0.617 (0.382-0.998) | 0.049 |
T category | 0.513 (0.211-1.246) | 0.140 |
N category | 0.364 (0.150-0.882) | 0.025 |
Differentiation | 0.819 (0.521-1.288) | 0.388 |
Tumor size | 0.932 (0.317-2.739) | 0.899 |
CYR61 | 0.461 (0.286-0.742) | 0.001 |
CYR61 is associated with metastasis of GCA
We further statistically analyzed correlation of CYR61 expression in pathological characteristics in GCA tumors. As shown in Table 2, CYR61 overexpression is highly associated with TNM stages (p=0.001), and significantly associated with N-category (p=0.052), but not with age (p=0.087), gender (p=0.435), tumor size (p=0.308), T-category (p=0.103) or grade (differentiation) (p=0.25). In TNM stages, CYR61 positive staining is observed in 53% of stage III/IV patients who had distant site metastasis or severe lymph node metastasis, compared to 30% of stage I/II who had no or minor lymph node metastasis. In N category, CYR61 positive staining is observed in 48% of N1-3 GCA patients (spread to regional lymph nodes), versus 36% for no lymph node spreading (p<0.001). These clinicopathological data suggest a strong association of CYR61 expression with GCA progression and metastasis.
Table 2: Association of CYR61 expression with pathological categories
Pathological category | Case numbers | CYR61 Positive | % | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | <=60 | 108 | 42 | 38.9 | 0.087 |
>60 | 106 | 52 | 49.11 | ||
Gender | Male | 157 | 70 | 44.6 | 0.435 |
Female | 57 | 24 | 42.1 | ||
Tumor size | <=6cm | 166 | 76 | 45.8 | 0.308 |
>6cm | 48 | 18 | 37.5 | ||
T category | T1/T2 | 63 | 23 | 36.5 | 0.103 |
T3/T4 | 151 | 71 | 47 | ||
N category | N0 | 73 | 26 | 35.6 | 0.052 |
N1-3 | 141 | 68 | 48.2 | ||
Differentiation | Well/Mod | 130 | 60 | 46.2 | 0.25 |
Poor/undiff | 84 | 34 | 40.5 | ||
TNM stage | I/II | 83 | 25 | 30.1 | 0.001 |
III/IV | 131 | 69 | 52.7 |
CYR61 plays a major role in gastric cancer cell migration and is required for EGF-stimulated gastric cancer cell migration and invasion
To address the driver role of CYR61 in metastasis, we attempted to determine if CYR61 directly regulates GCA metastatic properties by an in vitro assay. However, there is no GCA cell line available currently. Thus, we used AGS, which is a highly metastatic gastric cancer cell line [32], to mimic GCA cells in determination of the role of CYR61 in cell migration and invasion that are two important cellular processes in metastasis. Previous studies observed that ectopic expression of exogenous CYR61 enhanced migration and invasion of AGS cells [33], which may not conclude the cellular function of endogenous CYR61. To address the role of endogenous CYR61 in metastasis, we first established the CYR61-knockdown cell lines in AGS using lentiviral vector-loaded CYR61 shRNA. More than 90% of CYR61 was depleted in the sh-CYR61 cell lines (Figure 2A). Depletion of CYR61 caused a minor effect on cell proliferation (Figure 2B), suggesting that CYR61 plays an insignificant role in AGS cell proliferation. We then determined effect of CYR61 knockdown on cell migration and invasion. As shown in Figure 2C and 2D, depletion of CYR61 by the shRNA dramatically inhibited both basal and EGF-promoted cell migration using the wound healing assay. The inhibitory effect on cell migration is comparable with that treated with atorvastatin, an inhibitor of hydroxylmethylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase that blocks the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway in breast cancer cells [21, 34, 35]. In the transwell migration assays, both the basal and EGF-promoted cell migration was completely eliminated by knockdown of CYR61 (Figure 2E), which was the same as the effect of atorvastatin. Combining the data in Figure 2C, 2D and 2E, we conclude that CYR61 plays the major role in the Hippo-YAP/TAZ-mediated AGS cell migration signaling. In the transwell invasion assays, knockdown of CYR61 partially reduced the invasion capacity of AGS cells comparing to the effect of atorvastatin (about 50% of the effect of atorvastatin) (Figure 2F), suggesting that CYR61 plays a partial role in the Hippo-YAP/TAZ-mediated AGS cell invasion signaling.
Figure 2: CYR61 is essential for cell migration and required for EGF-promoted migration and invasion in gastric cancer AGS cells. A. Endogenous CYR61 in AGS cells was depleted by lentiviral vector-loaded shCYR61 for 48 hours and detected by immunoblotting with anti-CYR61 from the cell lysates. B. The effect of CYR61 knockdown on proliferation of AGS cells. C-E. The effect of CYR61 knockdown on migration of AGS cells. C and D, the wound healing assay. E. the transwell assay. F. The effect of CYR61 knockdown on invasion of AGS cells. The invasion was determined by the transwell matrigel invasion assay. The gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays were repeated three times. For quantification, the migrated or invasive cells were counted under a microscope from three randomly selected fields. Treatment with atorvastatin (Atv) (10 μM) was used as a positive control for inhibition of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling. EGF (50 ng/ml) was used for stimulation of cell migration and invasion. ** p <0.01; *** p<0.001.
Treatment of AGS cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced a marked increase in AGS cell migration and invasion (Figures 2E and 2F), suggesting that EGFR signaling is involved in gastric cancer metastasis. Interestingly, both EGF stimulated migration and invasion of AGS cells were completely diminished by knockdown of CYR61 (Figures 2E and 2F), indicating that CYR61 is required for the migration or invasion signaling of EGFR in AGS cells.
To confirm the role of CYR61 in the gastric cancer cell migration, we re-expressed CYR61 using a lentiviral vector-loaded CYR61 expression system in the CYR61-knockdown AGS cell line (Figure 3A). The re-expression of CYR61 recovered about 50% of the protein level of CYR61 compared to the control cell line (Figure 3A). As expected, re-expression of CYR61 rescued impairment of both basal and EGF-stimulated cell migration caused by knockdown of CYR61 (Figures 3B and 3C). The recovery effect on the cell migration was about 50% (Figure 3C), corresponding to about 50% in recovered expression level of CYR61 (Figure 3A). These data clearly indicate that CYR61 is a driver protein required for the gastric cancer cell migration.
Figure 3: Re-expression of CYR61 rescues the inhibitory effect of CYR61 knockdown on cell migration. A. The shCYR61 AGS cell line was infected by the lentiviral vector (FUW)-loaded CYR61 for 48 hours. The re-expressed CYR61 protein level was detected by immunoblotting. B. Migration of three different AGS cell lines was assessed by the transwell migration assay. C. For quantification, the dye crystal violet in the stained migrated cells was extracted with methanol and measured by absorbance at 540 nm. Data are from three independent experiments. EGF (50 ng/ml) was used for stimulation of cell migration. *** p<0.001.
Taken together, the results from the IHC staining of GCA tumor tissues and the gastric cancer cell migration and invasion assays of the CYR61-knockdown AGS cells suggest that CYR61 is not only a clinical predictive index protein for poor prognosis of GCA but also a crucial driver protein in metastasis of GCA.
DISCUSSION
Metastasis is the major cause contributing to the high mortality of GCA. However, few of biomarkers or driver proteins for GCA metastasis have been identified. Our studies demonstrated CYR61, a target gene product of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ transcription pathway, as a metastatic biomarker and driver of GCA. The IHC staining has shown that CYR61 is expressed in 44% of GCA tumors. CYR61 expression is inversely associated with cumulative survival (p<0.001) (Figure 1). More importantly, CYR61 expression is significantly correlated with N category (lymph node metastasis) (p=0.052) and TNM stage (remote metastasis) (p=0.001), but not with T category (p=0.103) or tumor size (p=0.308) (Table 2), suggesting that CYR61 functions specifically in GCA metastasis, but not tumor growth. Consistent with the data from clinicopathological analysis with IHC staining, knockdown of CYR61 in gastric cancer AGS cells severely impaired cell migration and invasion, the two key cellular processes in metastasis, but had a minor inhibitory effect on cell proliferation (Figures 2 and 3), suggesting that CYR61 is a driver for metastasis, but not for tumor growth. Our work has provided a new biomarker for metastasis and poor prognosis of GCA that might be used in clinical diagnosis and targeted therapy.
Previous studies have shown that promotion of angiogenesis is the major function of CYR61 in tumor progression [36, 37]. CYR61 promotes tumor angiogenesis through alphav/beta3 integrin-mediated cell adhesion and stimulates neo-vascularization [28]. Some studies also observed CYR61 activates the Wnt/Catenin, the Sonic Hedgehog (SHh), the MMP, the MAP kinase, the NF-κB and COX2 signaling pathways in tumor cells [33, 38, 39]. Expression of CYR61 is also associated with poor prognosis in breast, esophageal and ovarian cancers [29–31]. However, some studies observed a contradictory role of CYR61 in cancer progression and survival, particularly in lung cancer, and found that down-regulation of CYR61 is associated with poor prognosis [40–43]. One study reported that CYR61 expression is inversely correlated with gastric cancer progression through regulation of expression of MMP-7 [44]. These results suggest a complex role of CYR61, as an extracellular matrix protein, in regulation of cancer progression. Our studies clearly indicate that CYR61 functions in promoting metastasis. However, the mechanism by which CYR61 promoting metastasis in GCA currently is not known. It is possible that CYR61 activates NF-κB signaling to promote GCA metastasis, as shown in previous studies in gastric cancer metastasis [33]. We will look into this mechanism in future studies.
CYR61 is the known transcriptional target gene products of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling [22]. The Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway has been demonstrated to promote tumor growth and cancer cell migration and invasion [24]. Our previous studies have shown that geranylgeranylation signaling stimulates proliferation, migration and invasion of triple negative (ER-/PR-/Her-) breast cancer cells through activation of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway and expression of CYR61, but not in ER+ breast cancer cell lines [21], suggesting that the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling is important for breast cancer progression. Thus, it is likely that Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also plays an important role in GCA progression and metastasis. It is necessary to further investigate the role of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway in GCA and develop the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway as a targeting pathway for GCA therapy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
IHC staining S-P kit (KIT-9710) was purchased from MAIXIN Biology Corporation. Atorvastatin calcium was purchased from WuXi Sigma. Transwell dishes were purchased from Corning Inc. Matrigel was purchased from BD Biosciences. The gastric cancer cell line AGS was purchased from ATCC. Anti-CYR61 (SC-13100) was purchased from Santa Cruz, anti-Tubulin (G436) from Bioworld. The CYR61 shRNA oligos were synthesized by ShengGong Company.
Human GCA tissue specimens and patient information
Human GCA tissue specimens were preserved in the Gastric Cancer Tissue Bank at Department of Oncology, Changzheng Hospital (Shanghai, China). Tissue microarrays containing 214 cases of primary gastric cardia adenocarcinoma from curative resection were used for detection of CYR61 expression. All of the tissue specimens for this study were obtained with patient informed consent, and the use of these GCA specimens was approved by the Changzheng and Changhai Hospital Institutional Review Board.
Clinicopathological information of the 214 GCA tumor samples has been published in our previous report [19] (also shown in Table 2). Briefly, in this GCA patient population, about three quarters of the patients were male. More than three quarters of the tumors were equal to or smaller than 6 centimeters. About two thirds of the patients were diagnosed with the tumors highly invaded (T3/T4) or metastasized to lymph nodes (N1-3 categories) or at advanced TNM stages (stage III/IV).
The post-surgery survival rate of the GCA patients was followed and censored [19]. Overall mean survival time of the patients is 64.036 ± 3.554 months (95% confidential interval (CI): 57.070 – 71.002). Although tumor sizes (<= 6 cm vs > 6 cm), invasive degrees (T1/T2 vs T3/T4), lymph node metastasis (N0 vs N1-3), differentiation grades (well/moderate vs poor/undifferentiated) and TNM stages (TNM I/II vs TNM III/IV) are all significantly and inversely associated with patient cumulative survival (p=0.003 or <0.001), the chi-square values from log-rank test indicate that the TNM-stage (χ2 = 50.396) is the most significant one inversely associated with cumulative survival, followed by N category (χ2 = 38.832) and T category (χ2 = 27.661) [19]. These data suggest that metastasis is the major factor associated with mortality of the GCA patients.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining
Standard procedure was performed to determine the level of CYR61 expression in the GCA tumor samples. Briefly, 4 μm sections of paraffin-embedded GCA tissue microarrays were de-paraffinized and rehydrated in xylene and alcohol bath solution. Antigen unmasking was performed by pretreatment of the slides in 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 98°C for 5 min using a microwave oven. The slides were then cooled to room temperature. Endogenous peroxidase was eliminated by incubating the slides in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min. After washed in 10 mM PBS (pH 7.4), the sections were incubated with normal goat serum at room temperature for 10 min, followed by incubation with anti-CYR61 antibody (dilution: 1:100) at 4°C overnight. An IHC staining S-P kit (KIT-9710; MAIXIN Biology Corporation, Fuzhou, China) was used to visualize antibody binding on the slides. Counterstaining was performed with hematoxylin. The IHC staining of CYR61 in these specimens was evaluated by two individuals under an Olympus CX31 microscope (Olympus, Center Valley, PA).
Cell culture and knockdown of CYR61 by lentiviral vector-loaded shRNA in gastric cancer cells
HEK293T cells were cultured and maintained in DMEM (Hyclone) supplemented with 10% FBS at 37°C, 5% CO2. The gastric cancer AGS cells were grown in F12K (Boster bio) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Excell bio), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin in 5% CO2 at 37°C.In order to knockdown CYR61 (The targeting sequence: 5′-TTGAGGAGCATT AAGGTATTT-3′), we cloned CYR61 shRNA oligos (Forward oligo: 5′-CCGGTTGAGGAGCATTAAGGTA TTTCTCGAGAAAACCTTAATGCTCCTCATTTTTG-3′; Reverse oligo:5′-AATTCAAAAATTGAGGAG CATTAAGGTATTTCTCGAGAAATACCTTAATGCTCCTCAA-3′) into the shRNA cloning vector pLKO.1-TRC. The oligos were inserted into the AgeI/EcoRI sites of the vector. Lentiviral particle packaging was performed as following: HEK293T cells (1x106) were plated in a 35 mm tissue culture plate overnight. The lentiviral shRNA plasmid (pLKO.1-shCYR61) was co-transfected with psPAX2 (Addgene) and pMD2.G (Addgene) into HEK293T cells for 8 hrs. The medium containing viral particles was collected every 24 hours for three times after transfection. The medium was centrifuged at 1250 rpm for 5 min to remove cell debris and used for infecting the AGS cells. For infection, AGS cells (1×105) were plated in a 35 mm tissue culture dish overnight. One ml lentiviral particle solution was used for infecting AGS cells in presence of 6 μg/ml polybrene. The infected cells were selected with puromycin. The effect of CYR61 knockdown was detected by immunoblotting the cell lysates with anti-CYR61.
Preparation of cell lysates and immunoblotting
Culture medium was removed and the cells were washed with cold PBS and lysed in precooled mammalian cell lysis buffer (40 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 1% Triton X-100, 100mM NaCl, 1mM EDTA, 25 mM Beta-Glycerolphosphate, 1mM Na-orthovanadate, 10 μg/ml Leupeptin and 10 μg/ml Aprotinin). The SDS-PAGE samples were prepared by addition of 5 × SDS sample buffer directly to the lysates, followed by vortex and denatured at 100°C for 5 min. Electrophoresis was run on 12% SDS-PAGE gels, and separated proteins were transferred onto Immobilon PVDF membranes (Millipore). The membranes were incubated with primary antibodies (anti-CYR61 or anti-tubulin) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubating with secondary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature. The protein bands were detected by the Western Lightning ECL Detection Kit (Beytime).
Determination of cell proliferation, migration and invasion
Determination of cell proliferation
The control or the CYR61 knockdown AGS cells were cultured in F12K with 10% FBS at 37°C plus 5% CO2. In a 12 well culture plate, 2×104 AGS cells were plated in each well. The cells were trypsinized and counted under a phase microscope with a hemocytometer every 24 hrs. The cell counting was repeated at least three times. The histogram was drawn by Prism5.
Cell migration assays
Cell migration was detected by two methods: the wound-healing assay and the transwell assay. The wound healing assay. The cells (3×105) were seeded on 12-well plates for 16 hrs (about 80-90% confluence), and scraped with a 10 μl pipette tip to create a wounding zone. Culture medium was replaced with the medium plus EGF or/and atorvastatin. The wound healing was assessed by photography every 12 hrs. The experiments were repeated at least three times. The transwell assay. AGS cells were trypsinized and resuspended in serum-free F12K medium. The density of cells was adjusted to 2×105 /ml. The suspended cells (4×104 in 200 μl) were gently added to the upper compartment of Transwell (Corning). F12K medium with 10% FBS or EGF (0.5 ml) was added to the lower compartment. After incubation for 24 hrs, the cells on upper side of the chamber were carefully removed, the cells migrated to bottom side of the chamber were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min and stained with 0.1% crystal violet solution. The stained cells were washed with PBS three times and visualized by photography. The migration experiments were repeated three times. For quantification, the cells were counted under a microscope from three randomly selected fields, or the dye crystal violet in the stained cells was extracted with methanol and measured by absorbance at 540 nm.
Cell invasion assay
Matrigel was melted at 4°C overnight. The Transwell top chamber membrane was coated with 40 μl of 0.125 mg/ml matrigel in F12K medium and incubated at 37°C for 3 to 5 hrs before use. AGS cells were trypsinized and washed with PBS two times and resuspended in serum-free F12K medium at a density of 2×105 cells/ml. The cells (200 μl in serum-free F12K medium) were added to the top of the matrigel layer. The bottom chamber of the Transwell was filled with 500 μl of F12K medium plus 10% FBS or EGF. The cell invasion was carried out at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 24 hrs. After the invasion was done, the cells on upper side of the chamber were removed by cotton balls. The cells on the bottom side (invaded cells) were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at 25°C for 30 min and stained with 0.1% crystal violet solution at 25°C for 20 min. The stained cells were washed with PBS three times and observed and photographed under a microscope. For quantification, the cells were counted under a microscope from three randomly selected fields.
Statistical analysis
The association between clinicopathological variables and CYR61 expression was tested using chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted from post-surgery to death, stratified by CYR61 expression status, TNM stage, T category, N category, tumor size, and differentiation, respectively. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the association between CYR61 status and survival, controlling for tumor size, differentiation, T category, N category and TNM stage. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated for each factor. Interactions were also tested for each pair of factors. P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant, and all analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We want to thank Dr. Ying Chen of Department of Pathology, Drs. Tianhang Luo and Junjie Xing of Department of Surgery at Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, for reviewing the clinicopathological data in this manuscript.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
GRANT SUPPORT
This research was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No.81372208 (to Q.L.) and No. 81472558 (to W.Y.)).
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