Abstract
Li Wang1,2,*, Liuhong Pan1,*, Min Yao3,*, Yin Cai1, Zhizhen Dong4, Dengfu Yao1
1Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
2Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
3Department of Immunology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
4Department of Diagnostics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to:
Dengfu Yao, email: [email protected]
Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, glypican-3, prognosis, tissue microarrays, immunohistochemistry
Received: April 18, 2016 Accepted: May 23, 2016 Published: June 07, 2016
ABSTRACT
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide with poor prognosis. However, its prognostic evaluation is still an urgent problem. The objectives of this present study were to investigate oncofetal antigen glypican-3 (GPC-3) expression in HCC and their match para-cancerous tissues by the array technology with immunohistochemistry and estimate its value as a novel prognostic marker for HCC. The incidence of GPC-3 expression was 95.7 % in the cancerous tissues with significantly higher (χ2 = 33.824, P < 0.001) than that in the para-cancerous tissues (52.2 %). Abnormal expression of GPC-3 in HCC tissues was markedly related to poor or moderate differentiation (P < 0.001), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (P = 0.004), periportal cancer embolus (P = 0.043), and tumor-node- metastasis staging (P = 0.038). According to the univariate and multivariate analysis, the overall survival of HCC patients with high GPC-3 level was significantly worse than those with low or without GPC-3 expression (P < 0.001), suggesting that abnormal GPC-3 expression should be an independent prognostic factor for HBV-related HCC patient’s survival.
INTRODUCTION
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and fatal malignancies worldwide with very poor prognosis [1–3], which is associated with a background of chronic persistent infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) [4]. Their infections along with alcohol and aflatoxin B1 intake are widely recognized as etiological agents in HCC [5]. Most of HCC patients died quickly because of the rapid progression, hepatic resection or transplantation is the only potential treatment for HCC [6], and the options are rather limited [7], with its insensitive to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, higher rate of recurrence after surgery, and metastasis, leading to a poor prognosis [8]. Therefore, improving the early diagnosis and looking for an effective treatment become an urgent problem [9]. Although alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a useful marker for HCC diagnosis, the false- negative AFP concentration alone may be as high as 40% at early stage of HCC or remain normal in 15 ~ 30% of advanced patients. New markers such as hepatoma specific gamma-glutamyl transferase (HS-GGT) [10] and hepatoma-specific AFP (HS-AFP) [11] have been developed to improve the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for HCC patients. However, the overall results for HCC prognosis have been unsatisfactory [12].
Glypican (GPC) is a family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are bound to the cell surface by a lipid anchor. Six members (GPC1~6) of this family have been identified in mammals. GPC-3 is located at Xq26.1 area on chromosome, which is bound to the cell surface through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor [13]. New finding of recent research, GPC-3 expression is closely associated with hepatocyte malignant transformation [14] and is a specific oncofetal biomarker for HCC diagnosis [15, 16]. GPC-3 as an oncofetal antigen was in favors of cell proliferation and metastasis [17, 18] and could be an emerging molecular target for HCC gene therapy. However, the value of hepatic GPC-3 as a prognostic biomarker for HCC remains to be clarified [19]. The objectives of this present study were to investigate the hepatic GPC-3 expression and cellular distribution in HCC and their matched-surrounding tissues by the array technology with immunohistochemistry and analyze the clinical value of GPC-3 as a novel molecular marker for HBV-related HCC patients’ prognosis.
RESULTS
GPC-3 expression in HCC tissues
Hepatic GPC-3 expressions and its cellular distribution in cancerous-, their matched surrounding-, or distal cancerous tissues analyzed by tissue microarrays with immunohistochemistry using anti-human GPC-3 antibodies are shown in Figure 1. The strongest positive GPC-3 with brown staining particles was distributed in the cytoplasm and membrane of hepatocytes or only a few cell nuclei (Figure 1A H1 and 1A H2) in the cancerous tissues. The weaker positive GPC-3 with light staining was distributed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in their matched para-cancerous tissues (Figure 1A P1 and 1A P2). However, no positive GPC-3 staining was found in their matched distal cancerous tissues (Figure 1A D1 and 1A D2). The stronger expressions of GPC-3 expression in the HCC tissues were confirmed by the analysis of Western blotting (Figure 1B), and the relative ratio of hepatic GPC-3 to β-actin was about 5 times high in the HCC tissues and only 2 times in their surrounding tissues.
Figure 1: GPC-3 expression and cellular distribution between HCC and noncancerous tissues. (A) the expression of hepatic GPC-3 was analyzed on tissue microarrays by immunohistochemistry with the primary mouse anti-human GPC-3 antibodies. The positive GPC-3 expression with brown staining particles was distributed in the cytosol or membrane of hepatocytes or only a few cell nuclei. H1 and H2, the stronger straining of GPC-3 expression in the HCC tissues; P1 and P2, the light straining of GPC-3 expression in the matched surrounding tissues; and D1 and D2, the distal cancerous tissues without any positive staining. H1, P1 and D1 original magnification × 40, and H2, P2 and D2 original magnification × 400; (B) the analysis of hepatic GPC-3 expression by Western blotting (B1), and the ratio of hepatic GPC-3 to β-actin (B2) with lane 1 from the distal cancerous tissues; lane 2, 3, and 4 from the paracancerous; and lane 5, 6, and 7 from the HCC tissues. GPC-3: glypican-3; H1, H2 or HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma tissues; P1, P2 or Para-can, para-cancerous tissues; and D1, D2 or Dis-can, distal cancerous tissues.
Comparative analysis of GPC-3 expression among different tissues
The summaries of hepatic GPC-3 staining and its expressing intensity in the cancerous, their matched surrounding or distal tissues from 69 patients with HCC are shown in Table 1. The incidence of hepatic GPC-3 expression in cancerous tissues (95.7%, 66 of 69) was significantly higher than that in their surrounding tissues (52.2%, 36 of 69; χ2 = 33.824, P < 0.001) or the distal cancerous tissues (0%, 0 of 69; χ2 = 126.50, P < 0.001). The significant difference of liver GPC-3 expressing intensity was found between cancerous and their surrounding tissues (Z = 7.968, P< 0.001) or the distal cancerous tissues (Z = 10.815, P< 0.001), with higher expression (++ ~ +++) in 78.3% (54 of 69) cancerous-, lower or no expression (0 ~ +) in 88.4% (61 of 69) their surrounding-, and none expression in 0% (0 of 69) their distal cancerous tissues. Although the hepatic GPC-3 with lower or no expression (0 ~ +) in the surrounding tissues, however, the significantly different of GPC-3 incidence (χ2 = 48.706, P < 0.001) or intensity (Z = 6.899, P < 0.001) was found between the surrounding tissues and the distal cancerous tissues.
Table 1: Incidence of GPC-3 expression and its intensity in HCC tissues
Group | n | GPC-3 | χ2 | P value | GPC-3 | Z | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neg | Pos | - | + | ++ | +++ | ||||||
HCC | 69 | 3 | 66 | 3 | 12 | 52 | 2 | ||||
Para-can | 69 | 33 | 36 | 33.824 | < 0.001* | 33 | 28 | 8 | 0 | 7.968 | < 0.001* |
Dis-can | 69 | 69 | 0 | 126.5 | < 0.001* | 69 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.815 | < 0.001* |
*Compared with the HCC group. There was the significantly different of hepatic GPC-3 incidence (χ2 = 48.706, P < 0.001) or intensity (Z = 6.899, P < 0.001) between the para-cancerous group and the distal cancerous group. HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; Para-can: para-cancerous tissues; Dis-can: distal cancerous tissues; Neg., negative staining; Pos., positive staining; GPC-3: glypican-3.
Hepatic GPC-3 expression at different staging of HCC
The relationship between hepatic GPC-3 expression and clinical staging of HCC is shown in Figure 2. According to the IUAC clinical staging criteria of HCC patients, there was 11 cases at staging I (15.9%, 11 of 69), 19 at II (27.6%, 19 of 69), and 39 at III & IV (56.5%, 39 of 69) among total 69 cancerous tissues. The incidences of high or low GPC-3 expression in HCC tissues were 45.5% (5 of 11) or 54.5% ( 6 of 11) at I staging, 52.6 % ( 10 of 19) or 47.4% (9 of 19) at II staging, 100% (39 of 39) or 0% (0 of 39) at III & IV staging, respectively. The brown GPC-3 expressions were gradually increasing in different staging with very strength staining at advanced stage.
Figure 2: Comparative analysis of GPC-3 expression in HCC tissues at different stages. A1 and B1, the low or without GPC-3 expression in the para-cancerous tissues, and A2~A4 and B2~B4, the brown staining of GPC-3 expression with gradually increasing from stage I, II to III~IV of HCC tissues; Original magnification × 100 from Figure 2 A1 to Figure 2 A4 or × 400 from Figure 2 B1 to Figure 2 B4); HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; GPC-3: glypican-3.
Clinicopathologic characteristics of GPC-3 expression
The clinicopathologic features of hepatic GPC-3 expression in HCC tissues are shown in Table 2. The levels of GPC-3 expression in the cancerous tissues were associated with poor ~ moderate differentiated grade (P < 0.001), HBV infection (P = 0.004), and periportal cancer embolus (P = 0.043). No significant associations were founded between GPC-3 expression and gender, age, liver cirrhosis, tumor node metastasis (P = 0.038), tumor number or AFP level.
Table 2: Clinicopathological characteristics of GPC-3 expression in HCC tissues
Groups | N of patients (% of total) | GPC-3 expression, n (% of total) | χ2 | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Differentiation | 16.476 | < 0.001 | ||||
Poor~ Moderate | 64 | 92.75 | 63 | 91.30 | ||
Well | 5 | 7.25 | 3 | 60.00 | ||
Tumor number | 0.871 | 0.151 | ||||
Single | 54 | 78.26 | 51 | 94.44 | ||
Multiple | 15 | 21.74 | 15 | 100.00 | ||
Liver cirrhosis | 1.406 | 0.236 | ||||
Absent | 24 | 34.78 | 22 | 91.67 | ||
Present | 45 | 65.22 | 44 | 97.78 | ||
HBV infection | 8.254 | 0.004 | ||||
Absent | 19 | 27.54 | 16 | 84.21 | ||
Present | 50 | 72.46 | 50 | 100.00 | ||
Periportal embolus | 4.077 | 0.043 | ||||
Absent | 30 | 43.48 | 27 | 90.00 | ||
Present | 39 | 56.52 | 39 | 100.00 | ||
AFP (ng/mL) | 1.568 | 0.211 | ||||
< 400 | 46 | 66.67 | 43 | 93.48 | ||
≥ 400 | 23 | 33.33 | 23 | 100.00 | ||
TNM staging | 4.326 | 0.038 | ||||
I–II | 29 | 42.03 | 26 | 89.66 | ||
III–IV | 40 | 57.97 | 40 | 100.00 | ||
HBV: Hepatitis B virus; AFP: α-fetoprotein; TNM: tumor node metastasis; GPC-3: glypican-3.
High GPC-3 expression with shorter survival in HCC patients
As expected, the over-expression of hepatic GPC-3 showed a significant relationship with 5-year survival of 69 HCC patients (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, certain HCC clinical prognostic factors, such as liver cirrhosis (P = 0.007), HBV infection (P = 0.014), also showed a statistically significant correlation with 5-year survival rate based on COX regression univariate analysis (Table 3). All these factors were enrolled in a multivariable analysis. High GPC-3 expression (P < 0.001), liver cirrhosis (P = 0.008) and HBV infection (P = 0.006) were all identified as independent predictive factors for worse HCC outcome. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Figure 3) demonstrated that HCC patients with high GPC-3 expression had a significantly shorter survival time compared with those low or no GPC-3 expression.
Table 3: Univariate and multivariable analysis of HCC prognostic factors for 5-year survival
Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | P > |z| | 95% CI | HR | P > |z| | 95% CI | |
Differentiation | ||||||
Low vs. high* | 1.218 | 0.633 | 0.543–2.730 | |||
Tumor number | ||||||
Single vs. multiple | 0.905 | 0.853 | 0.316–2.597 | |||
Liver cirrhosis | ||||||
Absent vs. present | 3.831 | 0.007 | 1.443–10.168 | 3.119 | 0.008 | 1.351–7.200 |
HBV infection | ||||||
Absent vs. present | 0.346 | 0.014 | 0.148–0.808 | 0.328 | 0.006 | 0.149–0.726 |
Periportal embolus | ||||||
Absent vs. present | 5.392 | 0.089 | 0.775–37.502 | |||
AFP (ng/mL) | ||||||
< 400 vs. ≥ 400 | 0.768 | 0.240 | 0.495–1.193 | |||
TNM staging | ||||||
I–II vs. III–IV | 0.243 | 0.120 | 0.041–1.446 | |||
GPC-3 expression* | ||||||
Low vs. high | 12.697 | < 0.001 | 3.097–52.050 | 4.259 | < 0.001 | 2.030–8.934 |
*As shown in Table 2, the high GPC-3 expression (++~+++) group; and the no or low GPC-3 expression (− ~ +) group. HBV: Hepatitis B virus; AFP: α-fetoprotein; TNM: tumor node metastasis; GPC-3: glypican-3; HR: Haz ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Figure 3: Overall survival curves of 69 patients with HCC. GPC-3 expression curves were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. The accumulative survival curves of 69 patients with HCC were made according to HCC tissue expressing low or higher GPC-3 level (log-rank test, P < 0.001). The green line is the higher GPC-3 group; and the blue line is the lower or without GPC-3 group. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; GPC-3: glypican-3.
DISCUSSION
HCC is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, but treatment outcomes have remained generally poor [1, 2]. In China, most of HCC cases are associated with HBV infection [20, 21]. Activation of some key signal molecules in inflammation-related liver diseases regulates the expression of inflammation response- or cancer related genes [22, 23]. GPC-3 gene is located in upstream of the Wnt signal pathway that is involved in the initiation, generation, and tumor development, and up-regulated in HBV-related liver malignancies [19]. It promotes the growth of HCC by stimulating canonical Wnt signaling because the structural requirements for GPC3 activity are cell type specific, and its core protein is processed by a furin-like convertase, In this study, the expression and cellular distribution of hepatic GPC-3 in HCC were investigated to assess its prognostic value of HCC.
Application of imaging and molecular genetics technologies have elucidated lots of HCC characteristics that is a multi-step process from precancerous lesions progress into early or progressed HCC, and the close surveillance and treatment of these lesions will be useful to improve the survival rates of HCC patients [24]. GPC-3 isn’t detected in normal livers, sera of HBV-related benign liver diseases or healthy populations [12]. Increasing oncofetal GPC-3 expression was detected during the malignant transformation of rat hepatocytes, with brown granule-like staining localized in tumor parts of atypical hyperplasia [14]. There were strong brown staining particles in the cytoplasm and membrane or a few nuclei with high GPC-3/β-actin ratio in HCC, light staining in the para-cancerous-, and none in the non-cancerous tissues. The significantly different of GPC-3 incidence or intensity was found between HCC and their surrounding- or distal cancerous-tissues, indicating that GPC-3 expression could associate significantly with HCC progression [19].
Clinical studies have reported that GPC-3 is a valuable specific marker for HCC diagnosis [25, 26]. In this study, the relationship between GPC-3 expression and clinical HCC staging was investigated. According to the IUAC clinical staging criteria of HCC patients, the high GPC-3 expression were about 50% at I or II staging, and all at III & IV staging with gradually increasing and strength staining at advanced stage. The clinicopathologic features of GPC-3 expression in HCC patients were associated with poor ~ moderate differentiated grade, HBV infection, and periportal cancer embolus. A statistically significant correlation with 5-year survival rate based on COX regression univariate analysis, more interesting is GPC-3 level and HBV infection identified as independent predictive factors for worse HCC outcome, that is, HCC patients with higher GPC-3 level, and shorter survival time compared with those lower or no expression, suggesting that GPC-3 not only be a specific biomarker but also be an independent prognostic factor for HCC.
In conclusion, the up-regulation of oncofetal antigen GPC-3 regulates the malignant transformation of hepatocytes, promotes cell proliferation, and effects on the survival rate of HCC patients through its downstream canonical or noncanonical Wnt pathway that should provide new mechanism insight into molecular-targeted therapy for HCC [27, 28] because of contributing to HCC growth and related to HBV infection. Molecular targeted therapy offers an effective option for non-surgical HCC management, but it remains be a challenge due to a lack of specific targets [29, 30]. Perhaps GPC-3 is specifically expressed in HCC but not in benign liver diseases, silencing its gene transcription by specific miRNA or anti-GPC-3 antibody could effectively inhibit HCC proliferation via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway [31]. Further work should be explored combination of miRNA plus multi-targeting strategies for HCC therapy [32].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Tissues and follow-up data
A total of 69 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cancerous-, 69 matched psracancerous- (more than 3 cm to cancer focus) and 69 distal cancerous-tissues (more than 5 cm ) specimens [33] after surgical operation were obtained from Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University between Jan 2006 and May 2008. The patient cohort inclusion and exclusion criteria included accurate pathologic diagnosis of primary HCC, complete pathologic and follow-up data from operation to death date or last follow-up until Oct 2013. Overall survival was evaluated from surgery to death. Diagnosis was based on the criteria of the Chinese Society of Liver Cancer and Chinese Anti-Cancer Association [34]. Differentiation degree or tumor staging was according to the Edmondson grading system or the 6th edition of the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification of the International Union against Cancer (IUAC). Studies were approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee, and all patients signed informed consent.
Tissue microarrays
The tumors were dissected and pathological examination was performed with H&E. All HCC tissues were reviewed by two histopathologists. Representative areas free from necrotic and hemorrhagic materials were marked in paraffin blocks. Two mm tissue cores were taken from each representative cancerous- and their surrounding- or distal cancerous-tissue to construct the tissue microarrays (TMA) slides.
Immunohistochemistry
TMA slides used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) were deparaffinized, and peroxidase was quenched with methanol and 3% H2O2 for 15 min. For antigen retrieval, the sections were boiled under pressure in citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 3 min, and then incubated for 120 min with primary mouse anti-human GPC-3 antibody (ab129381; Abcam, UK) at 1:200 dilution, washing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), incubated with horse reddish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (A21010; Abcam, UK) for 15 min at 1:5000 dilution, and washed again with phosphate buffer solution (PBS). In finally, the slides were re-incubated with diaminobenzidine and counterstained with hematoxylin solution, dehydrated in ethanol, cleared in xylene, and cover-slipped. The negative control included empty control with normal mouse IgG instead of primary antibodies or with second antibodies only. The negative control included 0.01 mol/L PBS instead of primary, second antibodies, and immunohistochemical reagents.
Evaluation of immunohistochemical findings
The results of IHC staining were assessed by two independent pathologists without knowledge of the clinicopathologic features. The percentages or positive intensities were classified into 4 grades: 0 or negative for none, 1 for 1~33% or weaker positive (+), 2 for 34~66% or moderately positive (++), and 3 for 67 ~ 100 % or strongest staining (+++). The scores were used as the percentage and intensity of GPC-3 as described earlier [33], and the staining intensities were defined as low (0 ~ +) or high expression (++ ~ +++).
Extraction of liver proteins
Fifty milligrams of liver tissue was homogenized in 1 ml of PBS for 15 min at 4°C, stored at 4°C overnight, and centrifuged at 12 000 g for 15 min. The supernatant was transferred to a new 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube for analysis of total protein concentration with TBA assay.
Western blotting
Total proteins in the supernatants were subjected to Western blotting as described previously21. Briefly, the protein (50 μg/lane) for each sample was separated using 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and then transferred onto a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Beyotime, China) and blocked in 5% nonfat dry milk (Guangming, China) in Tris- buffered saline (pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, and 0.1% Tween-20, TBST), incubated with anti-human GPC-3 antibodies (ab129381, Abcam, UK) overnight at 4°C, along with β-actin (New England Bio Labs, MA), and followed with horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgG (Everest Biotech, UK). The membranes were then incubated with a secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit; New England Bio Labs) in TBST also for 1 h at room temperature. The immuno-complexes were visualized using an ECL kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, UK) and images were developed with the Molecular ImagerR Gel DocTMXR System (Bio-Rad laboratories, Inc., USA).
Statistical analysis
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (M ± SD) and subjected to one-way analysis of variance. Differences between groups were compared using a Student’s t test or χ2 test. Kaplan-Meier analysis was to determine the significance of the main outcome and performed using SPSS20.0 software and GraphPad Prism version 5.01. A P < 0.05 value was set for significance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND FUNDING
This work was partially supported by the Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation (81200634), the Projects of Medical Science (2013-WSW-011, 2014-YY- 028, and Qinglan Program), Jiangsu Province, and the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program (2013DFA32150) of China, and we thank T. FitzGibbon, M.D., for comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest.
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