Abstract
James T. Lynch1, Robert McEwen1, Claire Crafter1, Ultan McDermott2, Mathew J. Garnett2, Simon T. Barry1, Barry R. Davies1
1Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
2Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
Correspondence to:
James T. Lynch, e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: PI3K, AKT, mTOR, Notch, leukemia
Received: November 16, 2015 Accepted: February 18, 2016 Published: March 10, 2016
ABSTRACT
Selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR inhibitors are currently under evaluation in clinical studies. To identify tumor types that are sensitive to PI3K pathway inhibitors we screened compounds targeting PI3Kα/δ (AZD8835), PI3Kβ/δ (AZD8186), AKT (AZD5363) and mTORC1/2 (AZD2014) against a cancer cell line panel (971 cell lines). There was an enrichment of hematological malignancies that were sensitive to AKT and mTOR inhibition, with the greatest degree of sensitivity observed in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). We found that all NOTCH mutant T-ALL cell lines were sensitive to AKT and mTORC1/2 inhibitors, with only partial sensitivity to agents that target the PI3K α, β or δ isoforms. Induction of apoptosis only occurred following AKTi treatment in cell lines with PTEN protein loss and high levels of active AKT. In summary, we have demonstrated that T-ALL cell lines show differential sensitivity to inhibition at different nodes in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and inhibiting AKT or mTOR may have a therapeutic benefit in this disease setting.
INTRODUCTION
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is the most common form of malignancy in children and is classified by the abnormal accumulation of immature lymphoblasts of the T-cell lineage [1]. T-ALL accounts for 10–15% of pediatric and 25% of adult ALL. Activating mutations in NOTCH1 are present in 55–60% of T-ALL and mutations in PTEN and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway are present in 47% of pediatric cases [2–5]. The discovery of these recurring mutations has led to pre-clinical studies investigating the potential for using NOTCH and PTEN pathway agents in T-ALL. With respect to PI3K pathway inhibitors, it is not clear what the optimal strategy is to effectively target T-ALL survival [4, 6].
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is the most frequently activated signaling network in cancer and recurring mutations in this network have been identified, including mutations (PIK3CA, AKT, and PTEN), amplifications (PIK3CA, PIK3CB and AKT) and deletions (PTEN, INPP4B) [7–12]. The high frequency of pathway activation and the identification of recurring mutations in cancer has led to the intensive development of PI3K pathway inhibitors [10]. Studies have demonstrated that tumors with loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN, a PIP3 phosphatase, display increased sensitivity to PI3Kβ and AKT inhibitors [13–15]. In contrast, cell lines with PIK3CA mutations generally do not respond to PI3Kβ inhibitors but encouraging results have been observed with PI3Kα and AKT inhibitors [16, 17].
The development of selective PI3K pathway inhibitors allows us to better understand intrinsic target dependencies in the PI3K pathway to determine the optimal strategy for pathway inhibition. In addition, advances in screening technologies have enabled investigation of inhibitor sensitivity across large panels of cell lines spanning multiple cancer types [18]. To this end, we sought to identify novel disease settings that display differential sensitivity to PI3K pathway inhibitors across a large cancer cell line panel.
RESULTS
Sensitivity to PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors in a large cancer cell line panel
To further understand the contribution of the different nodes in the PI3K pathway, we used four kinase inhibitors that are currently in clinical development, AZD8835 a PI3Kα and PI3Kδ inhibitor (PI3Kα/δi); AZD8186 a PI3Kβ and PI3Kδ inhibitor (PI3Kβ/δi); AZD5363 an pan-AKT inhibitor (AKTi) and AZD2014 an mTORC1/2 inhibitor (mTORC1/2i) [13, 16, 19, 20]. To identify novel disease settings that display sensitivity to the PI3K pathway inhibitors, the compounds were profiled across a large cancer cell line panel [18]. The cell line panel consisted of 971 cell lines spanning 24 tissue types (Figure 1A). IC50 values were generated from 72 hour proliferation assays using a nine-point concentration range for each compound. The complete screening results can be found in Supplementary Table 1.
Figure 1: A cancer cell line pharmacology screen of PI3K pathway inhibitors identified strong activity of AKT and mTORC1/2 inhibitors in hematological malignancies. 971 cancer cell lines were screened against four PI3K pathway inhibitors and IC50 values determined. (A) Tree map depicting the distribution of 971 cancer cell lines across 24 lineages. Figures in parentheses represent the numbers of cell lines. (B–E) Elastic net regularization analysis for AZD5363 (B), AZD2014 (C), AZD8186 (D) and AZD8835 (E). The coefficient value signifies the correlation between sensitivity (IC50 value) and the input variable (e.g. genetic aberration/lineage) based on elastic net regression analysis, with a larger positive or negative coefficient representing a more significant correlation. Blue bars represent lineage input variables and orange bars represent genetic aberration input variables. (F) Tree map depicting the distribution of 164 hematological cancer cell lines across different hematological subtypes. Pale blue box represents “Myeloma_other” (1). Figures in parentheses represent the numbers of cell lines. (G) Waterfall plot of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cancer cell lines ordered according to sensitivity to AZD5363.
In order to interrogate the large datasets we performed elastic net regularization [21]. There is a strong correlation between AKTi sensitive cell lines and cell lines that have mutations in either the PTEN gene (loss of function/deletion mutations) or PIK3CA mutations, which is in keeping with previously published data (Figure 1B) [16]. Interestingly, cell lines that belong to the blood/lymph lineage also display increased sensitivity to AKTi. Cell lines with mutations in the KRAS oncogene and lung/pancreatic lineages were associated with resistance to AKTi, a feature which has been previously described [16].
For mTORC1/2i, cell lines that displayed sensitivity to this compound and the strongest association with a predictor variable was correlation with sensitivity in the blood/lymph lineage (Figure 1C). Similar observations have been previously described and the effectiveness of mTOR inhibitors are currently being investigated in a number of hematological malignancies [22].
Studies have demonstrated that cells that are deficient for PTEN function are sensitive to PI3Kβ inhibitors, although the mechanism by which PTEN loss confers PI3Kβ dependency is still unknown [13–15]. Our data supports this correlation and cell lines with PTEN mutations were associated with sensitivity to PI3Kβ/δi (Figure 1D). Similar to AKTi, NRAS mutant cell lines negatively associate with the PI3Kβ/δi response.
For PI3Kα/δi, the elastic net analysis demonstrated a strong association between sensitivity and PIK3CA mutations, suggesting that the compound is selectively inhibiting PIK3CA mutant cell lines (Figure 1E).
In summary, a PI3K pathway inhibitor cancer cell line screen identified the hematological malignancy subtype as being the most sensitive to AKT and mTOR inhibition. In addition, there are a number of other predictor variables, both genomic features and lineage that associate with the sensitivity of these compounds.
Activity of PI3K pathway inhibitors in hematological malignancies
AKTi and mTORC1/2i were more active in the blood/lymph lineage. To investigate this observation in greater detail we classified the hematological malignancies into their lymphoma/leukemia subtypes (Figure 1F and Supplementary Table 2). We focused on the AKTi and used a sensitivity cut-off of 9 μM, which approximately classified the same cell lines as being sensitive to AKTi as previously described [16]. We found a number of hematological subtypes with IC50 values < 9 μM in greater than 50% of the cell lines profiled, including T-ALL, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (Figure 1G and Table 1). T-ALL was selected for further investigation as it demonstrated the highest degree of sensitivity (71%) in subtypes where there were > 10 cell lines that were sensitive to AKTi.
Table 1: Sensitivity of the hematological malignancy subtypes to AZD5363
Subtype | Total number of cell lines | AZD5363 sensitive (< 9 μmol/L) | % AZD5363 sensitive (< 9 μmol/L) |
|---|---|---|---|
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) | 31 | 15 | 48 |
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (T-cell) | 17 | 12 | 71 |
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) | 20 | 11 | 55 |
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (B-cell) | 16 | 9 | 56 |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (B-cell) | 10 | 6 | 60 |
Burkitt lymphoma (B-cell) | 16 | 5 | 31 |
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) | 10 | 5 | 50 |
Multiple myeloma (MM) | 11 | 4 | 36 |
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (B-cell) | 3 | 3 | 100 |
Hodgkin lymphoma | 9 | 3 | 33 |
Leukemia_other | 7 | 3 | 43 |
Lymphoma_other | 10 | 3 | 30 |
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)_other | 3 | 1 | 33 |
Myeloma_other | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 164 | 81 | 49 |
Hematological cancer cell lines were categorised by subtype and the values represent the total number of cell lines in each subtype (left column), the number of cell lines in that subtype that are sensitive to AZD5363 (< 9 μM) (middle panel) and the percentage of cell lines in that subtype that are sensitive to AZD5363 (< 9 μM) (right column).
Given that adherent and suspension cell lines were screened using different assay formats in the cancer cell line panel, we also wanted to determine whether T-ALL cell lines display enhanced sensitivity or whether this was an artefact of the different screening methodologies. To do this we performed a validation screen using an Acumen Explorer based sytox green assay, optimised for suspension cells, which is a method similar to the adherent cell line screening. We selected seven T-ALL cell lines from the original screen that had a AKTi IC50 value < 9 μM, ranging from 0.12 μM to 7.5 μM (Table 2). We generated dose response curves and IC50 values (Figure 2 and Table 2). All T-ALL cell lines have an IC50 value < 1 μM following treatment with either AKTi or mTORC1/2i, whereas there was a varying degree of sensitivity to the PI3K inhibitors. In keeping with the role of PI3Kβ in PTEN deficient tumors, of the three cell lines that were sensitive to PI3Kβ/δi, two have PTEN deletions [14, 15, 23]. There were two other PTEN null cell lines that were not sensitive to PI3Kβ/δi, although they were sensitive to AKTi. The SUPT1 cell line displayed the strongest sensitivity to PI3Kα/δi, with this cell line harbouring an activating mutation in PIK3CA [23].
Table 2: Sensitivity of PI3K pathway inhibitors in T-ALL
|
| Cell Line | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JRT3T35 | CCRFCEM | MOLT4 | RPMI8402 | PF382 | SUPT1 | JURKAT | ||
Mutation status | PI3KCA | WT | WT | WT | WT | WT | MUT | WT |
PTEN | LOF.DEL | LOF.DEL | LOF.DEL | LOF.DEL | WT | WT | LOF.DEL | |
Sanger screen (IC50 μM) | AZD2014 (mTORC1/2i) | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 4.3 | 8.98 | 0.27 |
AZD5363 (AKTi) | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 3.66 | 4.86 | 5.56 | 7.45 | |
AZD8186 (PI3Kβ/δi) | 7.61 | > 10 | 0.53 | 0.22 | > 10 | > 10 | > 10 | |
AZD8835 (PI3Kα/δi) | > 10 | 6.94 | 0.81 | 1.1 | > 10 | > 10 | > 10 | |
Validation screen (IC50 μM) | AZD2014 (mTORC1/2i) | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.2 |
AZD5363 (AKTi) | 0.27 | 0.3 | 0.28 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.1 | 0.22 | |
AZD8186 (PI3Kβ/δi) | > 1 | > 1 | 0.89 | 0.8 | > 1 | 0.64 | > 1 | |
AZD8835 (PI3Kα/δi) | > 1 | > 1 | 0.91 | > 1 | > 1 | 0.29 | > 1 | |
PI3K pathway inhibitor screen (IC50 μM) | GSK690693 (AKTi) | 0.11 | 0.3 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.17 |
GSK2110183 (AKTi) | 0.13 | 0.3 | 0.36 | 0.43 | 0.89 | 0.4 | 0.17 | |
MK2206 (AKTi) | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.8 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.24 | |
CC223 (mTORC1/2i) | 0.71 | 0.68 | 1.6 | 0.59 | 0.7 | 0.16 | 0.41 | |
INK128 (mTORC1/2i) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.08 | |
GDC0941 (PAN PI3Ki) | 3.3 | 2.95 | 0.64 | 0.38 | 1.8 | 0.05 | 1.6 | |
SAR260301 (PI3Kβi) | > 10 | > 10 | > 10 | 8.5 | > 10 | > 10 | > 10 | |
BYL719 (PI3Kαi) | 7.1 | 3 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 4 | 0.46 | 7.2 | |
CAL101 (PI3Kδi) | > 10 | 5.9 | 5 | 5.3 | > 10 | > 10 | > 10 | |
Values represent the IC50 values generated from the cancer cell line panel screen (upper panel), validation screen (middle panel) and PI3K pathway inhibitor screen (lower panel). The PTEN and PIK3CA mutation status of these cell lines are indicated. WT = Wild Type. MUT = Mutated. LOF.DEL = Loss of Function/Deletion.
Figure 2: A validation T-ALL screen confirms AKT and mTORC1/2 as key mediators of T-ALL cell proliferation and survival. A panel of T-ALL cell lines were treated with a dose response of four PI3K pathway inhibitors. Live cell number was assessed after five days using a sytox green endpoint. (A–G) Exemplar mean ± S.E.M. dose response curves for the four inhibitors across the T-ALL cell line panel. 100% activity represents the initial seeding density on the day of dosing (Day 0) (n = 2). S.E.M = standard error of the mean.
To build on these observations we screened a number of other PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors (Table 2). In keeping with the previous screening results a comparable degree of sensitivity was observed for all AKT and mTOR inhibitors (Supplementary Figure 1 and Table 2). Cell lines that were sensitive to the isoform selective PI3K inhibitors were also sensitive to the pan-PI3K inhibitor (GDC0941), supporting the conclusion that PI3K activity is not functionally relevant in all of the T-ALL cell lines screened [24]. Activity of a PI3Kα inhibitor (BYL719) was observed in the PIK3CA mutant cell line, whereas, CAL101, a PI3Kδ inhibitor, did not appear to demonstrate strong sensitivity to any of the T-ALL cell lines [25, 26]. These results reinforce the findings of the large cell line panel and bespoke screens and further dissect the function of the PI3K isoforms in maintaining T-ALL cell survival.
Given that inhibition of PI3K signaling relieves feedback inhibition of the pathway resulting in the reactivation of signaling, we asked whether combining the PI3K pathway inhibitors would be synergistic [27]. To investigate this, we performed an intra-pathway combination screen where each of the four PI3K pathway inhibitors were combined with each other to determine synergistic effects. The combination of any of the pathway agents did not cause strong synergism, as determined by the Loewe model of additivity (Supplementary Figures 2, 3 and Supplementary Table 3). The majority of the synergy scores were less than one and there were no synergy scores greater than five, which is a cut-off used previously to identify combinations of interest in a high throughout screen [28]. Therefore, at concentrations where there is monotherapy activity in a cell line, additive but not synergistic effects were observed.
Regulation of PI3K pathway signaling in T-ALL
To understand the drivers of this difference between the PI3K pathway inhibitors, downstream signaling in the T-ALL cell lines was determined. All cell lines were treated with an inhibitor time course at concentrations that are either achievable in the clinic (AKTi/mTORC1/2i) or similar to the IC50 values of the sensitive cell lines from the screen, whilst maintaining PI3K isoform selectivity (PI3Kβ/δi/PI3Kα/δi) (Supplementary Table 4). Following treatment with AKTi and mTORC1/2i, we observed strong suppression of p-S6RP across all cell lines (Figure 3). Loss of p-NDRG1 was also observed, with varying degrees of reactivation at 24 hours post treatment. AKTi strongly inhibited p-PRAS40 across all cell lines and an increase in p-AKT was observed at both Ser473 and Thr308, which has been previously described (29). Pathway suppression was observed with either PI3Kβ/δi or PI3Kα/δi but did not achieve similar levels of inhibition as with AKTi or mTORC1/2i. In the PI3Kβ/δi/PI3Kα/δi sensitive cell lines there was not a clear pattern of pathway suppression to differentiate from the cell lines resistant to the PI3K inhibitors. Suppression of p-S6RP was observed in the PIK3CA mutant cell line following PI3Kα/δi inhibition. We also determined MYC protein levels following inhibitor treatment and observed reduced levels of MYC after 24 hours AKTi treatment in all T-ALL cell lines. PI3K and mTOR inhibition did not supress MYC protein levels to the same extent as AKTi, with no clear pattern of MYC suppression observed. In summary, we find that AKT and mTOR inhibition consistently suppressed S6RP phosphorylation, which correlates with sensitivity in the T-ALL cell lines.
Figure 3: Regulation of downstream signaling following PI3K pathway inhibition in T-ALL cell lines. Seven T-ALL cell lines were treated with AZD2014 (0.25 μM), AZD5363 (1 μM), AZD8186 (0.5 μM) and AZD8835 (0.5 μM) for the times indicated. Western blot analysis was performed to determine modulation of the indicated proteins and phosphorylated proteins following pathway inhibition (n = 2).
Differential activation of PI3K pathway signaling in T-ALL
In addition to examining the regulation of pathway biomarkers, we also determined the basal levels of protein expression and activation across the T-ALL cell lines. NOTCH is frequently mutated in T-ALL and genetics data for the seven cell lines suggest that NOTCH is mutated in all of these cell lines [5, 23]. In accordance with this, the cleaved form of NOTCH, which is indicative of active NOTCH signaling, was observed in all seven T-ALL cell lines (Figure 4). Five out of seven cell lines also have deletion of PTEN, which is observed at the protein level. Ser473 and Thr308 AKT phosphorylation was elevated in four of the T-ALL cell lines. In the same four cell lines, there was also strong phosphorylation of NDRG1 compared with the other three cell lines. p-PRAS40 was also elevated in the same four cell lines but not to the same extent as for p-NDRG1 and p-AKT. MYC protein levels were variable across the cell lines, and no correlation could be made between PI3K isoform expression and PI3K inhibitor sensitivity. These results demonstrate that a subset of NOTCH mutant T-ALL cell lines can be grouped through their protein expression profile as being PTEN null and p-AKT/p-NDRG1 high.
Figure 4: Basal levels of protein expression and activation in the T-ALL cell lines. Untreated protein lysate was extracted from seven T-ALL cell lines and Western blot analysis performed to determine the relative expression of the indicated proteins and phosphorylated proteins (n = 2).
PTEN loss and active AKT/NDRG1 predicts AZD5363-induced apoptotic response
Given the strong phenotype following AKT or mTOR inhibition, we wanted to determine whether these inhibitors induced apoptosis in the T-ALL cell lines. Cells were dosed with increasing concentrations of each compound and Annexin V flow cytometry was performed 72 hours post drug treatment. At the concentrations defined in the Western blot experiments, AKTi induced apoptosis in four out of seven cell lines, whereas we did not observe an increase in apoptosis following PI3K or mTOR inhibitor treatment (Figure 5). At higher drug concentrations we did observe apoptosis with the PI3K pathway inhibitors. Interestingly the four cell lines that undergo AKTi-induced apoptosis are the same cell lines that we previously described as PTEN null/p-AKT/p-NDRG1 high. These results suggest that at relevant concentrations of the inhibitors, only AKTi induces apoptosis and this is in a defined subset of the T-ALL cell lines.
Figure 5: AKT inhibition induces apoptosis in four out of seven T-ALL cell lines. A panel of T-ALL cell lines were treated with a dose response of four PI3K pathway inhibitors. Annexin V flow cytometry was performed 72 hours post inhibitor treatment. (A–G) mean ± S.E.M. percentage of Annexin V positive cells (n = 2). (H) Mean percentage increase of Annexin V positive cells relative to DMSO control at the following drug concentrations (AZD2014–0.25 μM, AZD5363–1 μM, AZD8186-0.5 μM and AZD8835-0.5 μM). S.E.M = standard error of the mean.
DISCUSSION
Here we screened four PI3K pathway inhibitors, targeting PI3Kα/δ, PI3Kβ/δ, AKT and mTORC1/2, against a panel of 971 cancer cell lines. Using elastic net regularization, we confirmed the robustness of the cell panel screen and observed a number of sensitivity correlations that have been previously described. Whilst we focussed on hematological malignancies and T-ALL, this PI3K pharmacology dataset can be used as a resource for further interrogation and validation of PI3K pathway biology and sensitivity. In addition to T-ALL, there were a number of other hematological subtypes that displayed enhanced sensitivity to the PI3K pathway inhibitors, which are currently being investigated.
Given that five out of seven cell lines are PTEN null, we did not observe strong sensitivity to the PI3K inhibitors across the T-ALL cell line panel. Previous reports have described that the PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ isoforms are required for the development of PTEN null T-ALL [30–32]. Further investigation is required to determine whether NOTCH mutations negate the PI3Kδ/γ dependency in the T-ALL cell lines. PI3K isoform selectivity of the PI3K-selective inhibitors was determined in enzyme and cell based assays and demonstrate that GDC0941 and BYL719 inhibit the PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ isoforms at sub-micromolar concentrations (Supplementary Table 4) [20]. GDC0941 was active in three out of seven cell lines, which suggests that there may be alternative mechanisms that lead to the T-ALL AKT dependency. Although a number of the PI3K inhibitors screened inhibit the PI3Kγ isoform, an isoform-selective PI3Kγ inhibitor would help discriminate the relative contribution of the different PI3K isoforms.
High PI3K activity, as determined by phosphorylated AKT did not correlate with sensitivity to the PI3K inhibitors, although all of the cell lines were sensitive to AKT inhibition. This implies that there are other signaling events that confer AKT dependency in T-ALL. Our findings are in concordance with other reports that demonstrate a dependence on AKT and mTOR signaling in T-ALL, but this study suggests that targeting AKT or mTOR in NOTCH-mutant T-ALL would be advantageous over PI3K inhibitors [33–37].
An overlapping feature of AKT and mTOR inhibition was the ability to suppress S6RP phosphorylation in the T-ALL cell lines. These results suggests that the targeting of S6RP may be critical to induce the phenotype, and inhibition of S6RP has been previously linked to efficacy [38]. In the Western blot experiments, two out of three cell lines that are sensitive to the PI3K inhibitors were treated with a concentration of PI3Kβ/δi or PI3Kα/δi (0.5 μM) that was below their IC50 value for growth inhibition and maintained their PI3K isoform selectivity. Determining S6RP phosphorylation at a concentration above the IC50 of T-ALL cell lines sensitive to PI3Kβ/δi and PI3Kα/δi will strengthen the S6RP correlation to the phenotype.
In addition to the inhibition of cell proliferation observed for AKT and mTOR inhibitors, we also demonstrated apoptosis in four out of seven T-ALL cell lines following AKT but not mTOR inhibition. These results may provide a rationale for targeting AKT rather than mTOR, and may reflect the function of many AKT substrates as inhibitors of apoptosis [39, 40]. Additional studies are required to determine if the AKT inhibitors enhance efficacy in vivo over the mTOR compounds. In conclusion, we have revealed a dependence of blood/lymph lineage cell lines to PI3K pathway signaling. Further investigation of the role of the PI3K pathway signaling in T-ALL revealed novel dependencies of the different signaling nodes, with AKT and mTOR critical for the survival of NOTCH-mutant T-ALL cell lines. The results merit further investigation for AKT and mTOR inhibitors as potential treatments for T-ALL.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cells and cell culture
SUPT1 and MOLT4 cells were purchased from ATCC. JURKAT, JRT3T35, PF382 and RPMI8402 cells were purchased from DSMZ. CCRFCEM were obtained from the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank. Cells lines were grown in RPMI-1640 buffer + 10% FCS + 2 mM glutamine at 37°C, 5% carbon dioxide. All cell lines were authenticated at AstraZeneca cell banking using DNA fingerprinting short tandem repeat assays. All revived cells were used within 15 passages, and cultured for less than 6 months.
Reagents and antibodies
All inhibitors were dissolved in DMSO to a concentration of 10 mM and stored under nitrogen. The following antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA): Cleaved Notch1 (#4147), PTEN (#9559), pAKT T308 (#2965), pAKT S473 (#9271), pNDRG1 T346 (#5482), pS6RP S235/236 (#2211), PIK3CA (#4249), PIK3CB (#3011), PIK3CG (#5405), TUBULIN (#5346), GAPDH (#3683). PIK3CD (sc-7176), pPRAS40 T246 (44-1100G) and MYC (ab32072) were purchased from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA), Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA) and Abcam (Cambridge, UK), respectively.
Screening assays
The Sanger cancer cell line pharmacology screen was performed as previously described [41]. For the cell proliferation validation screen, the experiment was set up as previously defined [16]. Pre-dose measurements were made and IC50 values were determined using live cell counts. Formulas used to calculate growth curves and to analyse combination data have been previously described [28]. Briefly, combination activity (synergism) was analyzed in Genedata Screener12 (Genedata, Basel, Switzerland) using the Loewe dose-additivity model. This model of additivity provides a null reference that is predicted by the expected response if the two agents were the same drug. The 3-dimensional model surface, predicted from the two single-agent response curves, is subtracted from the experimentally-derived 3-dimensional dose effect surface to generate a difference volume. This excess matrix volume can be integrated to generate a synergy score. A synergy score cut-off > 5 would be used to identify combinations of interest.
Protein extraction and western blotting
Cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (Life Technologies) supplemented with 1× Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche, Welwyn Garden City, UK), 1× phosphatase inhibitor (Life Technologies) and 1:5,000 benzonase (Sigma, Gillingham, UK) and equal amounts of protein were loaded and separated by SDS-PAGE. Horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibodies (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) and ECL or supersignal (Life Technologies) were used to detect immune complexes.
Flow cytometry
The PE Annexin V apoptosis detection kit (BD Biosciences, Oxford, UK) was used for flow cytometry, performed using a Guava easyCyte flow cytometer (MERCK Millipore, Watford, UK).
Bioinformatic analysis
For the elastic net regression analysis, we used as input variables to the elastic net algorithm the natural log IC50 responses for each of the 971 cell lines together with a matrix of genomic features (gene mutations and lineage) represented as binary values for each of 1758 cancer-relevant genes and 39 cancer lineages. Strongly damaging loss-of-function mutations comprising nonsense, frameshift and splice site mutations in 189 well-characterised tumor suppressor genes were manually curated and classified into binary values. Prediction performance was determined using tenfold cross-validation and the elastic net features were validated to retain only those that were consistent across runs. The glmnet 1.9-5 software package and R 3.0.1 were used to perform the elastic net regression analysis [42, 43].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND FUNDING
We thank Kevin Hudson and Sabina Cosulich for critical discussion of the work, as well as John Vincent and Jo deSchoolmeester for technical support. The study was sponsored by the AstraZeneca Post Doc programme. AZD5363 was discovered by AstraZeneca subsequent to a collaboration with Astex Therapeutics (and its collaboration with the Institute of Cancer Research and Cancer Research Technology Limited).
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
J.T.L, R.M, C.C, S.T.B and B.R.D are current AstraZeneca employees and have ownership interest in shares from AstraZeneca. U.M is a founder of 14 M Genomics and holds stock. The remaining author declares no conflicts of interest.
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