Abstract
Min Bai1,*, Ming Shen2,*, Yanwei Teng2, Ying Sun2, Fan Li1, Xiangyu Zhang2, Yuanyuan Xu2, Yourong Duan2, Lianfang Du1
1Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
2State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
*These authors have contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to:
Yourong Duan, e-mail: [email protected]
Lianfang Du, e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: siRNA delivery, UTMD, gene silencing, combination therapy, xenograft nude mice model
Received: June 10, 2015 Accepted: October 30, 2015 Published: November 09, 2015
ABSTRACT
The overexpression of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) confers resistance to Adriamycin (ADR) in breast cancer. The silencing of ABCG2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) could be a promising approach to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. To deliver ABCG2-siRNA effectively into breast cancer cells, we used mPEG-PLGA-PLL (PEAL) nanoparticles (NPs) with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD). PEAL NPs were prepared with an emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The NPs size was about 131.5 ± 6.5 nm. The siRNA stability in serum was enhanced. The intracellular ADR concentration increased after the introduction of siRNA-loaded NPs. After intravenous injection of PEAL NPs in tumor-bearing mice, the ABCG2-siRNA-loaded NPs with UTMD efficiently silenced the ABCG2 gene and enhanced the ADR susceptibility of MCF-7/ADR (ADR resistant human breast cancer cells). The siRNA-loaded NPs with UTMD + ADR showed better tumor inhibition effect and good safety in vivo. These results indicate that ADR-chemotherapy in combination with ABCG2-siRNA is an attractive strategy to treat breast cancer.
INTRODUCTION
Chemotherapy is very important in the comprehensive treatment of breast cancer and has been suggested to be a major treatment to avoid the recurrence of cancer after surgery [1]. However, tumors might be intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy or acquire multidrug resistance (MDR) during treatment [2–4]. A well-established cause of MDR involves increased drug efflux from cancer cells mediated through members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family [5, 6]. Among ABC transporter family members, a novel protein, the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), has been detected in a variety of malignancy tumors, such as breast cancer [7, 8]. Experimental evidence suggests that ABCG2 overexpression is associated with reduced intracellular drug concentration and the decreased cytotoxicity of numerous anticancer agents, including anthracyclines and camptothecins, by enhancing drug efflux [9, 10]. Therefore, knocking down ABCG2 gene expression might effectively reverse drug resistance in breast cancer cells.
RNA interference (RNAi), an emerging gene knockdown technology, is more specific and efficient compared with traditional gene knockdown techniques [11, 12]. RNAi is of 21 to 23 nt small interfering RNAs (siRNA) that facilitate the silencing of complementary target mRNA, thereby silencing gene expression [13–15]. However, the delivery of siRNA remains a major hurdle in the full exploitation of siRNA-based therapeutics. It is difficult for siRNA to pass through the cell membrane, as both of these entities are negatively charged [16, 17]. Therefore, safe and effective approaches for the targeting in vivo delivery of these molecules are appealing [18].
Monomethoxy polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid/glycolic acid-poly-L-lysine triblock copolymer (mPEG-PLGA-PLL, PEAL) is a cationic polymer with blocks to get nanoparticles with hydrophilic shell and hydrophobic core, suitable for carrying various genes [19–21]. The protonated amino group of PLL could bind with negatively charged siRNA to increase the entrapment efficiency [22]. The directional rupture of microbubbles (MB) by low-frequency ultrasound (UTMD) facilitates the penetration of PEAL NPs into the cell membrane and subsequent into cells [23–25]. In the present study, we used PEAL NPs as siRNA deliver system assistant with UTMD to treat breast cancer.
To investigate the effects of ABCG2-siRNA in reversing MDR in mice bearing Adriamycin-resistant human breast cancer cells (MCF-7/ADR) xenograft tumors, using Adriamycin-sensitive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7/S) xenograft tumors as a control, we prepared siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs by the emulsion-solvent evaporation method for systemic siRNA delivery (Supplementary Scheme S1) [26]. The resensitization effects of breast cancer towards ADR after ABCG2-siRNA transfection and in vivo safety of siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs were also investigated.
RESULTS
Preparation and characterization of NPs
The hydrodynamic diameter of siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs, measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS), was 131.5 ± 6.5 nm with a PDI of 0.162 (Figure 1B). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs were spherical particles and dispersed well (Figure 1A). Gel retardation assay confirmed that siRNA could be completely packaged into PEAL NPs when the content of siRNA in feed was no more than 1 nmol (Figure 1C). The contents of intact siRNA in various formulations after treatment with 1mU of RNase or 50% serum solution for different time were shown in Figure 1D and Figure 1E, respectively. According to Figure 1E, free siRNA degraded after exposed to RNase within 2 h. In contrast, almost no degradation was observed in siRNA loaded PEAL NPs within 2 h, demonstrating that PEAL NPs protected siRNA from enzymatic degradation in serum.
Figure 1: Characterization of siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs. A. TEM image; B. Particle size and size distribution; C. The loading capacity of PEAL to siRNA (1: Naked siRNA, 2: NP2.5, 3: NP1.0, 4: NP0.5); D. Anti-enzymatic activity; E. The serum stability.
Increased drug sensitivity in siRNA-transfected cells
The IC50 values of MCF-7/S and MCF-7/ADR cells treated with different transfection agents are shown in Table 1, demonstrating that 0.558 μg/mL of ADR induced 50% reduction in MCF-7/S cell proliferation. However, for MCF-7/ADR cells, the necessary concentration for 50% inhibition of cell proliferation was 242 μg/mL with a resistance index (R) of nearly 440. As expected, the exposure of MCF-7/ADR cells to ABCG2-specific siRNAs prior to the addition of ADR significantly decreased the IC50 of ADR (IC50 values of 144, 124, 97 and 76 μg/mL for free siRNA, free siRNA with UTMD, siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs, and siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs with UTMD treatments, respectively). In the presence of UTMD, the IC50 values were reduced in all groups. According to the fold-reversal (FR) values of resistant cells (Table 1), siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs with UTMD induced the 3-fold resensitization of MCF-7/ADR cells to ADR.
Table 1: IC50 values of ADR in MCF-7/S and MCF-7/ADR cells after transfection with different siRNA formulations
Cells | Groups | IC50 (μg/mL) | R | FR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
MCF-7/S | ADR | 0.558±0.015 | - | - |
ADR | 242±9 | 434 | - | |
ADR+ Free siRNA | 144±10* | 258 | 1.68 | |
MCF-7/ADR | ADR+ Free siRNA +UTMD | 124±7*^ | 240 | 1.81 |
ADR+ siRNA loaded PEAL NPs | 97±9* | 174 | 2.49 | |
ADR+ siRNA loaded PEAL NPs +UTMD | 76±11*^ | 136 | 3.18 |
The * stands for significant difference contrasted with ADR group (MCF-7/ADR cells). The ^ stands for significant difference contrasted with the corresponding group just without UTMD.
Increased drug accumulation in siRNA-transfected cells
To conduct a more intuitive examination for the role of ABCG2-siRNA in reducing drug efflux, we observed the intracellular concentration of ADR in untreated and siRNA-transfected cells. The results showed that the transfection of siRNAs into MCF-7/ADR cells enhanced intracellular drug accumulation (Figure 2). A more substantial increase was observed in ABCG2-siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs transfected MCF-7/ADR cells, compared with non-transfected or free ABCG2-siRNA transfected cells. And as expected, the cells transfected with siRNA in the presence of UTMD showed more intense drug accumulation than those without UTMD.
Figure 2: The impacts of ABCG2 knockdown through different siRNA formulations on intracellular drug accumulation.
In vivo tumor growth inhibition
To investigate the tumor therapeutic efficiency of systemic siRNA delivery in vivo, nude mice bearing MCF-7/S or MCF-7/ADR tumor xenografts were subjected to various formulations at 1.3 mg/kg ABCG2-siRNA and 5 mg/kg ADR every 3 days. As shown in Figure 3A, non-ignorable effects on tumor growth were observed after treatment with ADR alone compared with the (normal saline) NS group. Both siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs alone and in the presence of UTMD showed significantly increased inhibition on tumor growth. As expected, siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + UTMD exhibited stronger tumor growth inhibition compared with siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs alone, particularly for mice bearing MCF-7/ADR tumor xenografts.
Figure 3: A. Inhibition of tumor growth in MCF-7/S and MCF-7/ADR subcutaneous xenograft tumors after the intravenous injection of various siRNA formulations. B. The changes in the body weight of mice bearing MCF-7/S and MCF-7/ADR subcutaneous xenograft tumors over the treatment period. C. Images of MCF-7/S and MCF-7/ADR subcutaneous xenograft tumors at the treatment endpoint. D. Representative pictures of tumor-bearing mice after treatment for 20 days.
After final treatment, all tumors were collected and photographed (Figure 3C). The results revealed that ADR in combination with siRNA mediated by PEAL NPs + UTMD could effectively inhibit tumor growth, and these results were consistent with the results of the tumor volume assay.
With respect to safety evaluation (Figure 3B), compared with the NS group, the mice in the treatment group showed varying degrees of decreased body weights during the entire experimental period, likely resulting from the toxicity of ADR.
Figure 4 shows the results of the histological analysis and TUNEL staining of tumor tissues after treatment. Compared with the NS group, siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + UTMD markedly decreased the number of cancer cells, indicating that the administration of siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + UTMD increased sensitivity to ADR and effectively enhanced cell apoptosis, leading to considerable antitumor efficacy.
Figure 4: H & E staining (A. × 100) and TUNEL analysis (B. × 400) of tumor tissues after treatment with various siRNA formulations. The tumor tissues were collected at 24 h after the last injection. (1) NC control, (2) ADR, (3) Free siRNA + ADR, (4) Free siRNA + UTMD + ADR, (5) SiRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + ADR, (6) SiRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + UTMD + ADR.
In vivo gene silencing efficiency
The in vivo gene silencing of ABCG2-siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs was evaluated in animals bearing MCF-7/S and MCF-7/ADR tumor xenografts. To demonstrate that the retarded tumor growth observed after treatment with siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + UTMD plus ADR was associated with ABCG2 downregulation in tumor cells, the mice were executed after treatment for 30 days, and all tumors were collected to extract total mRNA or protein to assess the levels of ABCG2 mRNA and protein expression using RT-PCR and WB analyses, respectively. As shown in Figure 5, ABCG2-siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + UTMD significantly suppressed the expression of the target gene in tumor xenografts, consistent with the gene silencing effects observed in vitro.
Figure 5: In vivo gene silencing efficiency of different siRNA formulations on MCF-7/S and MCF-7/ADR xenograft tumors analyzed at gene A. and protein B. levels. (1) NS control, (2) ADR, (3) Free siRNA + ADR, (4) Free siRNA + UTMD + ADR, (5) SiRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + ADR, (6) SiRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + UTMD + ADR.
Systemic toxicity evaluation
To evaluate the safety of siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs assisted ADR in vivo, the physiological states of mice were recorded daily during injection. Weight loss was observed during the experimental period in ADR group.
The blood was collected on the last day of the experiment to determine a part of hepatic, heart and renal function indices. As shown in Figure 6A, the aspartate transaminase (AST) in ADR group was higher than that in NS group (P < 0.01). The level in siRNA+ADR group was lower than in the ADR group, but still higher than the NS group (P < 0.05). However, the AST in the other siRNA groups were lower than in ADR group (P < 0.05) and no significant difference than in NS group. Similar trend was observed in alanine transaminase (ALT) level except the level in siRNA+ADR group, like in the other siRNA groups, was no diference with in the NS group. There was no significant difference in creatine phosphate kinase isoforms - MB (CK-MB) level as an indicator of cardiac function. The uric acid (UA) level in ADR group was higher than in NS group (P < 0.05). The levels in the siRNA groups were all lower than in ADR group but without significant difference. Similar trend were in urea (UREA) and creatinine (CRE) levels.
Figure 6: Safety result A. Indices of hepatic, heart and renal function measured at 24 hours after the final injection of different siRNA formulations in nude mice. B. Histopathology of H & E-stained major organs from mice after treatment with PBS and different siRNA formulations. ALP: alkaline phosphatase, TPRO: total protein, ALB: albumin, GLB: globulin, AST: aspartate transaminase, ALT: alanine transaminase, CK-MB: creatine phosphate kinase isoforms - MB, UA: uric acid, UREA: urea, CRE: creatinine. The * stands for significant difference (P < 0.05) and ** stand for P < 0.01. The pathological changes were marked with red arrows.
Histopathological photos were showed in Figure 6B. Ecrosis in liver and glomerular shrinkage were observed in ADR group. There were no obvious pathological changes was observed in other groups.
The toxicity result showed that the ADR at 5 mg/kg was harmful to liver and kidney. The siRNA preparations reduced the toxicity of ADR to a certain extent.
DISCUSSION
ABCG2, the second member of the subfamily G of the human ABC transporter superfamily, has been detected in a large number of hematological malignancies and solid tumors, indicating that this transporter might play an important role in the MDR of cancers [10]. Transfection studies from different laboratories confirmed that the overexpression of ABCG2 in different cell types confers resistance to various anticancer agents and reduces drug accumulation in the cell [9, 29, 30].
Many studies have been reported down-regulated ABCG2 expression and reverse drug resistance in breast cancer. Sridhar K et al. reported that fumitremorgin C could reverse the MDR in cells transfected with the ABCG2 gene [31]. However, the neurotoxicity of this toxin, characterized by tremors and tetanic convulsions in mice, prevented the use of this chemical in in vivo experiments [32]. Yasuo Imai et al. reported that estrone and 17β-estradiol could reverse ABCG2-mediated MDR [33]. However, the coadministration or intake of these drugs with ABCG2-substrate antitumor agents might result in the alteration of the pharmacokinetics of these compounds and increase the toxicity of the antitumor drugs in the recipient patients [34]. With increasing understanding of the mechanisms of RNAi, siRNA has been proposed as an effective approach to specifically silence ABCG2 in cancer cells. MCF-7/ADR cells overexpress ABCG2. Therefore, we selected MCF-7/ADR as model cells, and MCF-7/S cells were used as a control. Here, we have designed and synthesized ABCG2-siRNA to specifically and effectively down-regulate breast cancer resistance-related protein (BCRP) expression in tumor cells in vitro. A major obstacle to the clinical application of RNAi is the disadvantageous pharmacokinetic profile, which strongly hinders this molecule from achieving effective concentrations at target sites in vivo. Therefore, delivery strategies that stabilize siRNA and enhance intracellular uptake in vivo are needed.
The BCRP is highly expressed on the apical membranes of the placental syncytiotrophoblasts, the intestinal epithelium, the liver hepatocytes, the endothelial cells of brain microvessels, and the renal proximal tubular cells, contributing to the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs and endogenous compounds as well as tissue protection against xenobiotic exposure [35]. This may be the reason that the miRNA preparations showed protecting effect to liver and kidney in the safety evaluation (Figure 6).
In a previous study, we reported the synthesis of a new polymer, PEAL, with excellent biocompatibility in vitro and high encapsulation efficiency for the stable delivery of siRNA [36]. In the present study, we prepared the ABCG2-siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs using the emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The resulting NPs were uniform in size, which would be suitable for passive tumor targeting of drug delivery through the EPR effect [37, 38]. The outer layer of NPs was covered with hydrophilic mPEG, which improve the stability and biocompatibility of this nanoparticle [39, 40]. Also it can enhance the mean residence time (MRT) of NPs in blood cycle to get more opportunity to tumor [41]. Apparently, these nanoparticles protected siRNA from serum-driven nuclease digestion efficiently. The siRNAs, delivered by NPs, effectively knocked down ABCG2 gene expression and reduced drug efflux, thereby increasing the sensitivity of resistant cells to ADR. The NPs led to specifically silences genes without inducing obvious organ toxicity (Figure 6), suggesting the potential clinical application.
UTMD was observed Ultrasound induced microbubble cavitation can cause enhanced permeability across natural barriers of tumors such as vessel walls or cellular membranes, allowing for enhanced therapeutic delivery into the target tissues. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles was reported used for tumor image. The optical signal intensity suggests that light penetration depth is significantly enlarged by ultrasound [42]. Ultrasound was reported to enhance PLGA-PEG-NP effect. As the pressures increased from 1.7 to 6.9 MPa, the amount of nanoparticles deposited in cancer xenografts was increased from 4- to 14-fold, and the median penetration depth of extravasated nanoparticles was increased from 1.3-fold to 3-fold, compared to control conditions without ultrasound [43]. Ultrasound enhanced drug distribution in tumor may by the way of inducing extravasation, improving penetration through the extracellular matrix and enhancing cell uptake [44].
Taken together, these results demonstrated that ABCG2-siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs are promising tools to inhibit ABCG2 overexpression in MCF-7/ADR cells and sensitize its response to drugs. Some insight researches, such as ADR pharmacodynamics affected by miRNA NPs will be carried out in future work.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
MPEG-PLGA-PLL was synthesized in our laboratory. The molecular weight of PLGA (LA:GA 7:3, molar ratio) was about 7000 and that of mPEG was 2000. The total molecular weight (Mw) of the polymer was about 10,000. ABCG2-siRNA were designed and synthesized by Ruibo Biotechnology Inc. (Guangzhou, China) (Table 2). Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin, ADR) was purchased from Beijing Huafenglianbo Technology Co., Ltd. TRIzol® reagent was purchased from Invitrogen (Gibco, Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, UK), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Qianchen Biotechnology Inc. (Shanghai, China). SonoVue®, diluted to 5 ml with saline to form microbubbles, was purchased from Bracco Diagnostics Inc. (Geneva, Switzerland).
Table 2: ABCG2-siRNA and primers used in the study
Name, accession no. | Sequence (5’-3’) |
|---|---|
ABCG2, NM_004827 | Sense: 5’-TCAAACCTGGTCTCAACGCC-3’ |
β-actin, NM_001101 | Sense: 5’-CAGAGCAAGAGAGGCATCCT-3’ |
ABCG2-siRNA | Sense: 5’-CUGGAGAUGUUCUGAUAAA dTdT-3’ |
Cell culture
MCF-7/S cells were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China), and the multidrug-resistant variant MCF-7/ADR was established and maintained in our laboratory. All cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Biosera, UK) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), and 1% penicillin and streptomycin (Biosera). MCF-7/ADR cells were grown in the RPMI 1640 complete medium with 1 μg/mL ADR to maintain drug-resistance. The cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2.
Experimental facilities of ultrasound
The therapeutic ultrasound apparatus Topteam 161 (Chattanooga Company, CA, USA), with a frequency of 1 MHz, pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz and 25 mm2 cross sectional probe area, was used to enhance siRNA delivery. Prior to insonation, the ultrasound probe was placed on the bottom of the culture plate with a small amount of couplants on the surface of the probe to form a conductive pathway of ultrasound waves from transducer to cells.
Western blot
Total protein was extracted using lysis buffer supplemented with 1% PMSF, and the concentration was determined using a BCA protein assay kit (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA). Approximately 20 μg of total protein from each sample was loaded onto 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and subsequently transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Millipore, Massachusetts, USA). The membranes were incubated with rabbit antibody against ABCG2 (1:300) at 4°C overnight. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as an internal standard to normalize protein expression, and the membranes were incubated with GAPDH monoclonal antibody (1:2500) simultaneously. The membranes were subsequently washed with TBST (Tris-HCl+Tween) and incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary goat anti-rabbit or anti-mouse antibody (1:2000) at 37°C for 1 h. The protein-antibody complexes were analyzed using chemiluminescence. All antibodies used in this study were purchased from Tuoran Biotechnology Inc. (Shanghai, China).
Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
The transfected cells were harvested, and total RNA was extracted using TRIzol® reagent, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Approximately 5 μg of total RNA from each sample was converted to cDNA using a commercially available RT-PCR kit (TaKaRa, Kyoto, Japan). The primers used are shown in Table 2. The PCR conditions were enzyme activation at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 34 cycles of 95°C for 30 sec, 55°C for 30 sec, and 72°C for 110 sec, with a final extension cycle at 72°C for 5 min. The PCR products were analyzed through electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels containing 1 μg/mL ethidium bromide. The gels were visualized using an EC3 Imaging System (UVP, LLC, Upland, CA, USA).
Preparation and characterization of NPs
ABCG2-siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs were prepared by double emulsified method. Briefly, 2 mg PEAL in dichloromethane (1 mg/mL) was emulsified in a solution containing 1 nmol of siRNA in diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water by sonication for 50 s in an ice bath. The primary emulsion obtained was further emulsified in 2 mL Pluronic 188 solution (1.0%, w/v) by sonication to form a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion. The dichloromethane was subsequently removed using a rotary evaporator (Taikang Biotechnology Inc., Shaanxi, China). The siRNA-loaded NPs were denoted as NP1.0, where the subscript represents the number of the siRNA molecule as nmol.
The particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of the NPs were measured at 25°C using a Zetasizer IV analyzer (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90, UK). The morphology was observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). To assess the integrity of the siRNAs after entrapment in PEAL NPs, a gel retardation assay was performed.
Gel retardation assay
Gel retardation electrophoresis was used to detect the loading capacity of PEAL to siRNA, as well as anti-enzymatic activity and serum stability of the siRNA molecules after entrapment in PEAL NPs. Samples of naked siRNA and siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs, containing different siRNA contents (siRNA concentration was fixed at 100 nM), were respectively mixed with serum at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) or 1 mU of RNase, and the resulting mixtures were incubated at 37°C. At different time points, aliquots of each sample were collected for analysis. All the samples were loaded onto 1% agarose gels containing 1 μg/mL ethidium bromide.
Cell proliferation assay
MCF-7/S and MCF-7/ADR cells were seeded onto 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 103 cells/well, incubated overnight and subsequently transfected with different siRNA and UTMD treatment. After transfection for 48 h, the culture medium was removed, followed by the addition of ADR at a series of concentrations. The cells were incubated for 48 h under normal maintenance conditions, and cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. The absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). The cell viability was normalized to that of cells treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The resistance index (R) and fold-reversal (FR) values were calculated using the following equations [27, 28]:
Intracellular drug accumulation
The effect of ABCG2-siRNA on cellular ADR accumulation was determined using an inverted fluorescence microscope (Huarui Chemical Instrument Inc., Guangdong, China). Briefly, 1 × 105 MCF-7/ADR cells were seeded onto 6-well plates and subsequently transfected by siRNA preparations in the absence or presence of UTMD. The final concentration of siRNA was 100 nM. After 48 h, the cells were incubated with 1 μg/mL ADR for 1 h at 37°C. Subsequently, the cells were washed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and the nuclei were stained with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining solution). Subsequently, the cells were subjected to fluorescence analysis to determine the intracellular ADR accumulation.
In vivo tumor growth inhibition study
Female BALB/c nude mice, weighing 15–18 g, were purchased from Shanghai Slac Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The xenograft tumor model was generated through the subcutaneous injection of MCF-7/S or MCF-7/ADR cells (5 × 106 for each mouse) in the flank regions of the mice. When the tumor volume was approximately 100 mm3, the mice were randomly divided into 6 groups and treated with different therapy: (1) 0.9% normal saline (NS); (2) NS + ADR; (3) free siRNA + ADR; (4) free siRNA + UTMD + ADR; (5) siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + ADR; and (6) siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + UTMD + ADR. NS, siRNA and siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs were through intravenous injection. ADR was through intraperitoneal injection [45]. The body weight and tumor size of each mouse were measured every 3 days. The diameter of the tumors was measured using a vernier caliper. The estimated tumor volume was calculated using the formula: volume = 0.5 × length × width2. At 24 h after the final injection, all tumors were collected for further analysis.
In vivo gene silencing efficiency
For ABCG2 protein measurements, the tumors were cut into pieces and subsequently homogenized in lysis buffer supplemented with 1% PMSF (phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride). After centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 min at 4°C, the supernatant was collected for further analysis.
The expression of ABCG2 mRNA in the tumors was analyzed through RT-PCR. The tumor tissue (~50 mg) was homogenized in 1 mL of pre-cooling TRIzol reagent and subsequently incubated at room temperature for 5 min to facilitate the complete separation of protein-nucleic acid complexes. After centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 5 min at 4°C, the supernatant was collected and analyzed through RT-PCR as described above.
H&E staining and TUNEL analysis
To conduct histological analysis, the tumors were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h. After deparaffinization, the tissue sections (5 mm) were stained with hematoxylin/eosin (H&E). The tumor cell apoptosis was determined using the One-step TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) Apoptosis Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Beyotime, China). All sections were examined using an inverted fluorescence microscope. TUNEL-positive cells were shown in green.
Safety evaluation
The mice were treated respectively with 0.9% NS (control), ADR, free siRNA, free siRNA + UTMD, siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs or siRNA-loaded PEAL NPs + UTMD once every 3 days for 5 times. The siRNA dose was 1.3 mg/kg. The ADR dose was 5 mg/kg. At 24th hour after the final injection, serum samples were collected and measured to assess hepatic and renal damage. After the mice were sacrificed, the major organs, such as liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney of each mouse were collected, fixed, and processed for H&E staining to evaluate toxicity.
Statistical Analysis
All data were performed in triplicate and shown as the means ± standard deviation (SD). Student's t-test was used to compare two groups of data. GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software Inc., California) was used to obtain graphs and statistics. Significant values were designated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81272568 and No. 81301973) and the Nature Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 13ZR1440200 and No. 15ZR1439100).
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
There are no conflicts of interest.
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