Oncotarget

Research Papers:

Splice variant transcripts of the anterior gradient 2 gene as a marker of prostate cancer

Antje Neeb _, Simon Hefele, Stefanie Bormann, Walther Parson, Fabian Adams, Philipp Wolf, Arkadiusz Miernik, Martin Schoenthaler, Malte Kroenig, Konrad Wilhelm, Wolfgang Schultze-Seemann, Sigrun Nestel, Georg Schaefer, Huajie Bu, Helmut Klocker, Irina Nazarenko and Andrew C. B. Cato

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Oncotarget. 2014; 5:8681-8689. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2365

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Abstract

Antje Neeb1,*, Simon Hefele2,*, Stefanie Bormann1,8, Walther Parson3,4, Fabian Adams5, Philipp Wolf5, Arkadiusz Miernik5, Martin Schoenthaler5, Malte Kroenig5, Konrad Wilhelm5, Wolfgang Schultze-Seemann5, Sigrun Nestel6, Georg Schaefer7, Huajie Bu7, Helmut Klocker7, Irina Nazarenko2,* and Andrew C. B. Cato1,*

1 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

2 Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

3 Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria

4 Penn State Eberly College of Science, University Park, PA, USA

5 Department of Urology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

6 Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

7 Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria

8 Heinrich Heine University, Institute of Toxicology, Düsseldorf, Germany

* These authors contributed equally to this work

Correspondence:

Antje Neeb, email:

Irina Nazarenko, email:

Keywords: Anterior gradient 2 gene, Exosomes, Prostate cancer diagnosis, Urinary biomarkers, Splice variants

Received: June 16, 2014 Accepted: August 18, 2014 Published: August 19, 2014

Abstract

Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a gene predominantly expressed in mucus-secreting tissues or in endocrine cells. Its expression is drastically increased in tumors including prostate cancer. Here we investigated whether AGR2 transcript levels can be used as a biomarker to detect prostate cancer (PCa). Using a PCR-based approach, we could show that in addition to the wild-type (AGRwt long and short) transcripts, five other AGR2 splice variants (SV) (referred to as AGR2 SV-C, -E, -F, -G and -H) were present in cancer cell lines. In tissue biopsies, SV-H and AGR2wt (short) distinguished between benign and PCa (p ≤ 0.05 n = 32). In urine exosomes, AGR2 SV-G and SV-H outperformed serum PSA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed the highest discriminatory power of SV-G and SV-H in predicting PCa. AGR2 SV-G and SV-H are potential diagnostic biomarkers for the non-invasive detection of PCa using urine exosomes.


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