Epigenetic silencing of SMOC1 in traditional serrated adenoma and colorectal cancer

Abstract

Colorectal sessile serrated adenoma/polyps (SSA/Ps) are well-known precursors of colorectal cancer (CRC) characterized by BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability. By contrast, the molecular characteristics of traditional serrated adenoma (TSAs) are not fully understood. We analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation in TSAs having both protruding and flat components. We identified 11 genes, including SMOC1, methylation of which progressively increased during the development of TSAs. SMOC1 was prevalently methylated in TSAs, but was rarely methylated in SSA/Ps (p < 0.001). RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that SMOC1 was expressed in normal colon and SSA/Ps, but its expression was decreased in TSAs. Ectopic expression of SMOC1 suppressed proliferation, colony formation and in vivo tumor formation by CRC cells. Analysis of colorectal lesions (n = 847) revealed that SMOC1 is frequently methylated in TSAs, high-grade adenomas and CRCs. Among these, SMOC1 methylation was strongly associated with KRAS mutation and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-low. These results demonstrate that epigenetic silencing of SMOC1 is associated with TSA development but is rarely observed in SSA/Ps. SMOC1 expression could thus be a diagnostic marker of serrated lesions, and SMOC1 methylation could play a role in neoplastic pathways in TSAs and conventional adenomas.