Research Papers:
Gemcitabine, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, suppresses enterovirus infections through innate immunity induced by the inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis and nucleotide depletion
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Abstract
Kyungjin Lee1,*, Dong-Eun Kim3,*, Kyoung-Soon Jang5, Seong-Jun Kim1, Sungchan Cho3,4 and Chonsaeng Kim1,2
1Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
2Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
3Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
4Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
5Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, South Korea
*These authors have contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to:
Sungchan Cho, email: [email protected]
Chonsaeng Kim, email: [email protected]
Keywords: enterovirus; gemcitabine; antiviral drug; pyrimidine biosynthesis; interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs)
Received: June 13, 2017 Accepted: December 05, 2017 Published: December 15, 2017
ABSTRACT
Gemcitabine, an anti-cancer chemotherapy drug, has additionally shown the antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses and we also have previously reported its synergistic antiviral activity with ribavirin against enteroviruses. As a cytidine analog, gemcitabine has been reported to have an inhibitory activity on the pyrimidine biosynthesis. In addition, a few inhibitors of the pyrimidine biosynthesis have shown to induce the innate immunity in a yet-to-be-determined manner and inhibit the virus infection. Thus, we also investigated whether the anti-enteroviral activity of gemcitabine is mediated by innate immunity, induction of which is related with the inhibition of the pyrimidine synthesis. In this study, we found that the addition of exogenous cytidine, uridine and uridine mono-phosphate (UMP) effectively reversed the antiviral activity of gemcitabine in enterovirus-infected as well as enteroviral replicon-harboring cells, demonstrating gemcitabine’s targeting of the salvage pathway. Moreover, the expression of several interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) was significantly induced by the treatment of gemcitabine, which was also suppressed by the co-treatment with cytidine. These results suggest that the antiviral activity of gemcitabine involves ISGs induced by the inhibition of the pyrimidine biosynthesis.
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