Abstract
Jung Han Kim1,*, Bum Jun Kim1,2,* and Hyeong Su Kim1
1Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred-Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea
2Department of Internal Medicine, National Army Capital Hospital, The Armed Forces Medical Command, Sungnam 13574, Republic of Korea
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to:
Jung Han Kim, email: [email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: c-Met, renal cell carcinoma, prognosis, meta-analysis
Received: June 14, 2017 Accepted: August 21, 2017 Published: September 08, 2017
ABSTRACT
c-Met overexpression has been observed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, its clinicopathological impacts remain uncertain. We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the pathologic and prognostic impacts of high c-Met expression in patients with RCC. A systematic computerized search of the electronic databases PubMed and Embase was performed. From 12 studies, 1,724 patients with RCC were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with RCCs showing low c-Met expression, tumors with high c-Met expression showed significantly higher nuclear grade (odds ratio = 2.45 [95% CI: 1.43–4.19], P = 0.001) and pT stage (odds ratio = 2.18 [95% CI: 1.27–3.72], P = 0.005). In addition, patients with c-Met-high RCC showed significantly worse overall survival than those with c-Met-low tumor (hazard ratio = 1.32 [95% CI: 1.12–1.56], P = 0.0009). In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrates that high c-Met expression correlate with significantly worse pathological features and overall survival, indicating c-Met overexpression is a potential adverse prognostic marker for patients with RCC.
INTRODUCTION
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant renal neoplasm, accounting for approximately 85% of kidney cancers [1, 2]. Most patients without metastases can be cured by nephrectomy alone. However, considerable patients have metastatic diseases at the time of diagnosis and nephrectomy is not usually curative for those patients [2, 3]. Until the last decade, immunotherapeutic agents (interferon-α and interleukin-2) had been the main treatment option for patients with metastatic RCC, despite marginal benefits and significant toxicities [4, 5].
With understanding of molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis, treatment of RCC has dramatically changed. The molecular targeted agents such as sorafenib, sunitinib, axitinib, pazopanib, or temsirolimus are currently recommended with improved outcomes for patients with metastatic RCC [6–10]. However, most tumors eventually develop resistance and their survival benefits are still disappointing. Therefore, efforts to identify novel therapeutic targets and develop more effective targeted drugs are still required. c-Met has recently emerged as a possible therapeutic target in various tumors including RCC [11–13].
c-Met is the tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and encoded by the proto-oncogene MET located on chromosome 7. The HGF-c-Met signaling pathway regulates multiple cellular functions, including differentiation, proliferation, and angiogenesis [14, 15]. Thus, dysregulation of c-Met and HGF has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancers. It is related to molecular mechanisms of tumor cell proliferation and survival, invasion, and metastasis [16]. The enhanced expression of c-Met has been observed in various tumors, such as breast cancer [17], lung cancer [18], gastric cancer [19], colorectal cancer [20], cervix cancer [21], pancreatic cancer [22], and hepatocellular carcinoma [23]. Several meta-analyses in common tumors indicated that high c-Met expression was associated with a poor prognosis [17–23].
The expression of c-Met has also been observed in various cytomorphologic subtypes of RCC [24–39]. High c-Met expression has been associated with poor pathologic features and prognosis in many studies [24–26, 28–31]. However, most studies had a small number of patients, and there has been some conflicts regarding its clinicopathological impacts in RCC [27, 32–34, 38, 39]. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the pathologic and prognostic roles of c-Met overexpression in patients with RCC.
RESULTS
Results of search
Figure 1 shows flow diagram of search process. A total of 187 relevant studies were initially retrieved, but 171 of them were excluded after screening the titles and abstracts. Of the remaining 16 potentially eligible studies, 4 were further excluded by the inclusion criteria: two had no criteria for c-Met expression status [24, 25] and the others adopted too low cutoff values (< 10%) for high c-Met expression [26, 27]. Finally, 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis [28–39].
Figure 1: Flow diagram of search process.
Characteristics of the included studies
Table 1 summarizes the main characteristics and clinicopathological outcomes of the 12 included studies. All the studies were performed retrospectively. From the 12 studies, 1,724 patients were included in the meta-analysis. In one study, patients (n = 81) had chromophobe RCC [35]. Two small studies had patients (n = 96) only with papillary RCC (pRCC) [30, 33] and other three had patients (n = 752) only with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) [36, 38, 39]. Almost all patients had received renal surgery as primary treatment for RCC. In two studies [38, 39], patients were treated with sunitinib as a first-line therapy for metastatic RCC. Except for one [32], eleven studies used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess c-Met expression status [28–31, 33–39].
Table 1: Summary of the 12 included studies
Author (year) | Histology | Methods, antibody, | No. of pts | Criteria for c-Methigh | c-Methigh | OR for NG | OR for pT stage | HR for OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pisters et al., | RCC | IHC with whole slides, | 41 | ≥ 30% of cancer cells | 28 (68.3%) | 8.1 (0.75–87.23) | 0.99 (0.26–3.70) | NA |
Inoue et al., | RCC | IHC with whole slides, | 120 | Positive: higher membrane staining than normal kidney | 20 (16.7%) | 2.97 (1.06–8.36) | 0.84 (0.25–2.75) | NA |
Sweeney | pRCC | IHC with whole slides, | 50 | Intensity: 0 (absent) to 3 ( intense) | 40 (80%) | 1.83 (0.45–7.51) | 12.76 | 6.93 |
Miyata et al., | RCC | IHC with whole slides, | 114 | > 50% of cancer cells with higher staining than normal kidney | 73 (64%) | 1.70 (0.77–3.75) | 2.52 (0.93–6.64) | 2.94 |
Betsunoh | RCC | RT-PCR | 66 | Tumor/normal ratio ≥ 3 | 17 (25.8%) | NA | NA | 3.16 |
Gontero et al., | pRCC | IHC with whole slides, | 46 | Cytoplasmic staining ≥ 30% of cancer cells | 13 (28.3%) | NA | NA | 0.96 |
Gibney et al., | RCC | IHC with TMA, | 317 | ≥ Cutoff point of median AQUA score (32.5%) | 159 (50.2%) | NA | NA | 1.36 |
Erlmeier et al., | chRCC | IHC with TMA, | 81 | Intensity: 0 = no staining; 1 = weak; 2 = moderate; 3 = strong | 24 (29.6%) | NA | 1.89 (0.39–9.19) | 1.90 |
Chen et al., | ccRCC | IHC with TMA | 90 | Intensity: 0 = no signal; 1 = weak; 2 = moderate; 3 = strong | 15 (16.7%) | 10.42 | 7.46 | 2.85 |
Peltola et al., | RCC | IHC with whole slides, | 137 | Intensity: 0 = no staining; 1 = weak; 2 = strong; 3 = very strong | 59 (43.1%) | NA | NA | 1.22 |
Macher-Goeppingeret al., | ccRCC | IHC with TMA, | 572 | Intensity: 0 = negative; 1 = low; 2 = medium; 3 = high | 184 (32.2%) | NA | NA | 1.05 |
Kammerer-Jacquet et al., (2017) | ccRCC | IHC with whole slides | 90 | Intensity: 0 = absent; 1 = weak; 2 = moderate; 3 = strong | 62 (68.9%) | NA | NA | 0.99 |
RCC, renal cell carcinoma; ccRCC, clear cell RCC; chRCC, chromophobe RCC; pRCC, papillary RCC; IHC, immunohistochemistry; TMA, tissue microarray; Ab, antibody; Mab, monoclonal antibody; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; pts, patients; AQUA, automated quantitative analysis; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; OS, overall survival; NA, not available
c-Met expression assignation
There was a marked heterogeneity between the criteria used to dichotomize c-Met status (low c-Met or high c-Met). The criteria were briefly summarized in the Table 1. The rates of high c-Met expression were various, ranging from 16.7% [29, 36] to 80% [30].
Impact of high c-Met expression on pathological features
From six studies [28–31, 35, 36], 496 patients were included in the meta-analysis of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for nuclear grade and/or depth of cancer penetration (pT stage).
Compared with RCCs with low c-Met expression, tumors with high c-Met expression showed significantly higher nuclear grade (II–IV) (OR = 2.45 [95% CI: 1.43–4.19], P = 0.001) (Figure 2A). The fixed-effects model was selected because there was no significant heterogeneity among studies (X2 = 3.95, P = 0.41, I2 = 0%).
Figure 2: Forest plots of odds ratios for nuclear grade (A) and pT stage (B).
In terms of primary tumor stage, there was a positive correlation between c-Met overexpression and higher pT stage (pT3 and pT4) (OR = 2.18 [95% CI: 1.27–3.72], P = 0.005) (Figure 2B). The fixed-effects model was used because there was little heterogeneity across studies (X2 = 9.11, P = 0.10, I2 = 45%).
Impact of high c-Met expression on overall survival
From ten studies [30–39], 1,563 patients were included in the meta-analysis of HRs with 95% CIs for OS. Patients with c-Met-high RCC showed significantly worse OS than those with c-Met-low tumor (HR = 1.32 [95% CI: 1.12–1.56], P = 0.0009) (Figure 3). The fixed-effects model was selected because there was no significant heterogeneity across the studies (X2 = 11.55, P = 0.24, I2 = 22%).
Figure 3: Forest plot of hazard ratios for overall survival.
In the subgroup analyses, however, patients with c-Met-high tumor did not show significantly worse OS than those with c-Met-low tumor both in pRCC (HR = 1.36 [95% CI: 0.58–3.16], P = 0.48) (Figure 4A) and ccRCC (HR = 1.29 [95% CI: 0.76–2.19], P = 0.34) (Figure 4B).
Figure 4: Forest plots of hazard ratios for overall survival in papillary RCC (A) and clear cell RCC (B).
Publication bias
Visual inspection of the funnel plots for nuclear grade, pT stage, and OS showed symmetry, indicating there were no substantial publication biases (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Funnel plots for publication bias regarding nuclear grade (A) pT stage (B) and overall survival (C).
DISCUSSION
In this meta-analysis, we evaluated the pathologic and prognostic impact of c-Met overexpression in patients with RCC. The results show that high c-Met expression is associated with significantly worse pathological features and prognosis.
MET activation has been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of many tumor types [14–16]. Mechanisms of MET activation include mutations, amplification, and enhanced transcription [40]. Germline MET mutations have been identified in hereditary and sporadic pRCC [41]. c-Met was overexpressed in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) RCC cells due to the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors [42]. In addition, VHL mutation and/or loss of heterozygosity have been associated with c-Met expression in ccRCC [25]. Besides pRCC and ccRCC, MET upregulation has also been detected in a rarer subtype, chromophobe RCC [35].
In RCC, many studies have suggested that c-Met expression is associated with significantly inferior clinicopathological features, such as tumor grade [27, 28–31, 36, 38], primary tumor stage [30, 31, 36], lymphatic invasion [27], metastases [30, 35, 38], and worse progression-free survival [37] or OS [31, 34, 36]. However, the pathological or clinical impacts of c-Met expression are not consistent across the studies [33, 38, 39]. In addition, because most studies had a small number of patients and adopted various methods and criteria for c-Met expression status, they could not draw a consensus regarding the clinicopathological roles of c-Met overexpression. With respect to cancer-specific survival, in particular, the prognostic value of c-Met overexpression has been controversial. Gibney et al. evaluated c-Met expression as a prognostic marker in 317 patients with RCC and found that high c-Met expression was an independent predictor of survival (multivariate HR = 1.013 [95% CI: 1.002–1.023], P = 0.015) [34]. Recently, Macher-Goeppinger et al. assessed c-Met expression and MET copy number in 572 patients with ccRCC [38]. Patients with high c-Met expression showed significantly worse OS than those with c-Met-low tumor (HR = 1.49 [95% CI: 1.11–2.0], P = 0.008) in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, however, c-Met overexpression did not remain as an independent prognostic factor (HR = 1.05 [95% CI: 0.69–1.61), P = 0.81].
In the current meta-analysis, we included studies comparing the major pathological features (nuclear grade and pT stage) and cancer-specific survival outcome according to the c-Met expression status. Chen at al. had also performed the similar meta-analysis regarding clinicopatholigical impacts of c-Met expression in RCC [36]. They included studies with no criteria or low threshold for c-Met expression. In this study, however, we excluded two articles with no criteria for c-Met expression [24, 25] and another two with very low cutoff value (IHC staining in < 10% of tumor cells) for high c-Met expression [26, 27]. Compared with RCCs showing low c-Met expression, tumors with high expression showed significantly higher nuclear grade (OR = 2.45, P = 0.001) and pT stage (OR = 2.18, P = 0.005). In addition, patients with c-Met-high RCC showed significantly worse OS than those with c-Met-low tumor (HR = 1.32, P = 0.0009). Our findings indicate that high c-Met expression represent a potential adverse prognostic marker for patients with RCC. In the subgroup analyses, however, the OS failed to show statistically significant difference between patients with c-Met-high tumor and those with c-Met-low tumor in both pRCC (HR = 1.36, P = 0.48) and ccRCC (HR = 1.29, P = 0.34). Because the limited number of studies was included in the subgroup analyses, further studies are needed to evaluate the prognostic role of c-Met expression in the subtypes of RCC.
Several meta-analyses in other cancers have also demonstrated that high c-Met expression is an adverse prognostic marker for survival [17–23]. Thus, inhibition of c-Met/HGF pathway may provide an effective therapeutic strategy for cancers with c-Met overexpression [43]. Based on the scientific rationale to target c-Met, various c-Met inhibitors have been investigated in a variety of cancers, including RCC [12, 13, 44–49]. Cabozantinib is an oral inhibitor of tyrosine kinases including MET, VEGFR, and AXL. The randomized phase 3 METEOR trial compared the efficacy and safety of cabozantinib versus the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in patients with advanced RCC who progressed after previous VEGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitor treatment [49]. Compared with everolimus, cabozantinib significantly prolonged OS (median 21·4 vs. 16·5 months, HR = 0.66 [95% CI: 0·53–0·83], P = 0·00026) and progression-free survival (median 7.4 vs. 3.9 months, HR = 0·51 [95% CI: 0·41–0·62], P < 0·0001). Based on these results, the U. S. FDA approved cabozantinib for patients with advanced RCC who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy. In a phase II study with RCC, interestingly, therapeutic response of foretinib (a multi-kinase inhibitor targeting c-Met, VEGF, RON, AXL, and TIE-2 receptors) was closely associated with the germline MET mutations [12]. In addition, the efficacy of c-Met-targeting agents has been associated with high c-Met expression in non-small-cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma [46, 47]. These results suggest that cancers showing high c-Met expression may be good candidates for c-Met inhibitors.
Recently, MET amplification/upregulation has been proposed as a mechanism of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy [46, 47]. Anti-angiogenic therapy induces hypoxia by decreasing blood supply to tumors, which may upregulate c-Met [42]. c-Met activation in turn promotes tumor invasion and metastasis [16]. Peltola et al. retrospectively analyzed c-Met expression in 137 patients with metastatic RCC treated with sunitinib and found that high c-Met expression was associated with poor survival [38]. c-Met upregulation by anti-VEGF therapy may explain the reason why patients with high c-Met expression achieved less survival benefit from sunitinib. This finding indicates that c-Met expression may serve as a biomarker to predict who benefit less from anti-angiogenic therapy. Therefore, those patients with c-Met overexpression might benefit from a dual inhibitor [48].
The major limitation for clinical application of c-Met inhibitors is that there is no consensus of the reliable criteria for high c-Met expression. A variety of methods, such as IHC, Western blot, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and molecular invasion probe are currently used to assess c-Met status, but there are no standardized criteria for overexpression. There are also differences in the IHC criteria for high c-Met expression. The discrepancies in the clinicopathological impacts of c-Met among studies might be due to the different methods and criteria for high c-Met expression. Therefore, the definition of reliable criteria for c-Met status is essential to verify the prognostic role of c-Met expression and develop c-Met inhibitors in solid tumors.
Our study has several inherent limitations. First, the meta-analysis included a small number of studies. Second, all the studies were retrospectively performed. Third, as we mentioned above, the studies used different IHC methods (antibodies, detection kits, tissue samples-whole slide or tissue microarray, staining sites-cytoplasm or membrane) for assessing c-Met expression. In addition IHC criteria to stratify c-Met status were also various among studies. Fourth, because of limited information in most studies, we could not consider the impact of systemic therapies that would have inevitably affected the OS. Finally articles published only in English were included, which might bias the results.
In conclusion, our results show that c-Met overexpression is significantly associated with poor pathological features and prognosis. These findings indicate that high c-Met expression is a potential adverse prognostic marker for patients with RCC. However, larger studies using standardized methods and criteria are still needed to verify the prognostic roles of c-Met expression in various subtypes of RCC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Search strategy
We performed this meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [50]. A systematic computerized search of the electronic databases PubMed and Embase (up to May 2017) was done. The search used the following terms: “c-Met” or “Met,” “hepatocyte growth factor receptor,” and “renal cell carcinoma.” The related articles function in the PubMed was also used to identify all related articles. The titles and abstracts of the retrieved studies were initially scanned to exclude irrelevant papers. Then, the potentially relevant articles were reviewed in full text, further excluding those that did not meet the inclusion criteria of this meta-analysis.
Inclusion criteria
Eligible studies should meet the following inclusion criteria: (i) patients had a pathological diagnosis of RCC; (ii) pathological features (nuclear grade and/or pT stage) or OS were analyzed according to c-Met expression status; (iii) ORs with 95% CIs for pathological features or HR with 95% CI for OS were provided or could be estimated from the data provided; (iv) articles were published in English.
Articles with no criteria for c-Met expression status were excluded. We also excluded articles with very low cutoff value (IHC staining in < 10% of tumor cells) for high c-Met expression.
Data extraction
The required data were collected independently by two investigators (BJK and JHK). If these two authors did not agree, the other investigator (HSK) was consulted to resolve the discrepancies.
The following data were recorded from all eligible studies: the first author’s name, publication year, country, histology, nuclear grade, pT stage, methods to test c-Met expression, antibody and detection kit for IHC, number of patients, treatment, cutoff values adopted to dichotomize c-Met expression as ‘high’ or ‘low’, and HR with 95% CI for OS and OR with 95% CI for pathological features.
Statistical analysis
Statistical values were obtained directly from the original articles. When OR or HR with 95% CI were not provided, the Engauge Digitizer (version 9.1) was used to estimate the needed data from the results and Kaplan-Meier curves. The strength of the association between c-Met overexpression and nuclear grade or pT stage was shown as ORs with their 95% CIs. The effect size of OS was pooled through HR with its 95% CI. The heterogeneity across studies was tested by the Q statistic and the I2 inconsistency test. The fixed-effects model (Mantel–Haenszel method) was selected for pooling homogeneous outcomes when P ≥ 0.1 and I2 ≤ 50%, whereas the random-effects model (DerSimonian–Laird method) was applied for pooling heterogeneous outcomes when P < 0.1 and I2 > 50%. The RevMan (version 5.2) was used to combine data and report outcomes. All reported P-values were two-sided and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Publication bias was assessed graphically by the funnel plot method [51].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND FUNDING
This work had no specific funding support.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
All authors have declared no competing interest.
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