Abstract
Ying-Hsien Huang1,*, Kuender D. Yang2,*, Yu-Wen Hsu3,4,*, Hsing-Fang Lu4,5, Henry Sung-Ching Wong4,6, Hong-Ren Yu1, Hsing-Chun Kuo7,8,9, Fu-Chen Huang1, Mao-Hung Lo1, Kai-Sheng Hsieh1, Su-Fen Chen11, Wei-Chiao Chang4,6,10 and Ho-Chang Kuo1,6
1Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
2Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
3The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
4Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
5Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
6Master’s Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
7Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
8Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
9Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, CGUST, Chiayi, Taiwan
10Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
11Department of Pharmacy, St Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence to:
Ho-Chang Kuo, email: [email protected]
Wei-Chiao Chang, email: [email protected]
Keywords: hepcidin, genetic polymorphism, kawasaki disease
Received: August 26, 2016 Accepted: March 27, 2017 Published: May 08, 2017
ABSTRACT
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a form of systemic vasculitis. Regarding its pathogenesis, HAMP gene encoding hepcidin, which is significant for iron metabolism, has a vital function. In this study, we recruited a total of 381 KD patients for genotyping. Data from 997 subjects (500 subjects from cohort 1; 497 subjects from cohort 2) were used for analysis. Using TaqMan allelic discrimination, we determined five tag SNPs (rs916145, rs10421768, rs3817623, rs7251432, and rs2293689). Treatment outcome data related to such clinical phenotypes as coronary artery lesions (CAL), coronary artery aneurysms (CAA), and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) effects were also collected. Furthermore, we measured plasma hepcidin levels with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that HAMP gene polymorphism (rs7251432, and rs2293689) was significantly correlated with KD risk and that plasma hepcidin levels both before and after IVIG treatment had a significantly positive correlation with length of hospital stays (R = 0.217, p = 0.046 and R = 0.381, p < 0.0001, respectively). In contrast, plasma hepcidin levels has a negative correlation with KD patients’ albumin levels (R = −0.27, p < 0.001) prior to IVIG treatment. This study’s findings indicate that HAMP might have a role in the disease susceptibility, as well as its expressions correlated length of hospital stays, and albumin levels in Taiwanese children with KD.
INTRODUCTION
A form of acute vasculitis, KD (Kawasaki disease) affects various systems, most often in children under the age of five years old [1]. KD affects the vascular system in both small and medium-sized blood vessels and especially in coronary arteries [2]. As a result, nearly 20% of children who do not receive treatment suffer a coronary artery aneurysm [3]. The most serious complication of KD is the development of coronary artery lesions (CAL), including myocardial infarctions, coronary artery fistula formations [4], coronary artery dilatations, and coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) [5].
In addition to the diagnostic criteria by the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics, such nonspecific clinical symptoms as uveitis, aseptic meningitis, gallbladder hydrops, urethritis, arthralgia, arthritis, hypoalbuminemia, liver function impairment anemia, and heart failure have also been found in KD sufferers [6], with anemia being the most commonly found [7–10]. Hepcidin , a protein for iron regulation, reduces iron level by inhibiting intestinal iron absorption and keeping iron storage in macrophages, leading to impaired hemoglobin synthesis [11]. It is essential not only for iron metabolism but also for the pathogenesis of inflammation anemia [11]. Unusually high levels of hepcidin have been found in anemia in various inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune diseases [12, 13], infections [14, 15], critical illnesses [16, 17], and obesity [18]. In our previous study, we also found that abnormally high levels of hepcidin could impair iron metabolism and subsequently correlate with reduced hemoglobin levels in KD patients [19, 20]. Furthermore, in that study, the changes in hepcidin levels after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment were correlated with CAL and IVIG resistance in KD patients [19]. An increasing amount of evidence has shown that iron levels are associated with coronary artery disease [21, 22] and vasculitis [23, 24]. Moreover, as KD occurs more commonly in Asian populations than European populations [2], we also reported that the C allele of rs916145 in the HAMP promoter area has a higher frequency of developing biliary atresia, which is consistent with the low incidence of biliary atresia in European populations [25]. However, no correlation studies between HAMP and KD have yet been reported. In this study, we aim to determine the role of HAMP in children’s susceptibility to KD, CAL formation, and CAA, as well as IVIG treatment responses, lengths of hospital stays, and albumin levels.
RESULTS
Basal characteristics of KD patients
The KD patients’ basal characteristics for genotyping and plasma hepcidin assay are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. This study was consisted of 381 KD patients and 997 controls (500 subjects data from cohort 1 ; 497 subjects data from cohort 2). Male subjects accounted for 66.8% of KD patients and 56% of healthy subjects. A total of 49 (12.9%) KD patients did not respond to their initial IVIG treatment, 64 (16.8%) KD patients developed CAL, and 16 (4.2%) patients developed CAA. The subjects’ HAMP genotype distribution agreed with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Supplementary Table 1).
Table 1: Basal characteristics of patients with Kawasaki disease
Characteristics | Patients with KD |
|---|---|
N = 381 | |
Male gender, No. (%) | 247 (66.8%) |
Mean (SD) age (years) | 1.7 ± 0.08 |
Age range (years) | 0–11 |
CAL formation | 64 (16.8%) |
Aneurysm formation | 16 (4.2%) |
IVIG resistance | 49 (12.9%) |
CAL: coronary artery lesions; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin; SD: standard deviation.
Table 2: Basal characteristics of 85 Kawasaki disease patients for hepcidin assay
Characteristics | pre-IVIG | post-IVIG < 3 days | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 85 | ||||
Mean (SEM), age (m) | 21.6 ± 1.8 | |||
Gender (male : female) | 53:32 | |||
CAL formation | 25 (29%) | |||
IVIG resistance | 7 (8%) | |||
WBC (1000/uL) | 13.8 ± 0.5 | 10.6 ± 0.5 | < 0.0001 | |
CRP (mg/L) | 87.2 ± 6.6 | 46.6 ± 6 | < 0.0001 | |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.1 ± 0.06 | 2.8 ± 0.01 | 0.007 | |
GOT (U/L) | 62.1 ± 7.3 | 43.4 ± 9.4 | 0.103 | |
GPT (U/L) | 77.1 ± 9.2 | 42.3 ± 9.4 | 0.007 |
CAL: coronary artery lesions; IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulin; CRP: C-reactive protein; GOT: Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase; GPT: Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase.
Association study of HAMP gene polymorphisms for susceptibility to KD
We investigated the correlations between HAMP genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility for KD. As shown in Table 3, rs2293689 of HAMP significantly correlated with the risk of KD under the allelic models (p = 0.0410). Application of second cohort, another polymorphism, rs7251432, was identified to associate with the susceptibility for KD under the recessive model (p = 0.0315). (Table 3).
Table 3: Genotype and allele frequencies of the HAMP gene in controls and patients with Kawasaki disease
Genotype | Case (%) (n =381) | Control cohort 1 (%) (n= 497) | Control cohort 2 (%) (n =500) | Cohort 1 Recessive P Value | Allelic P Value | Cohort 2 Recessive P Value | Allelic P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs916145 | CC | 46 (13.1) | 60 (12.2) | 71 (14.2) | 0.7108 | 0.6652 | 0.6481 | 0.4768 |
CG | 158 (45.0) | 219 (44.7) | 231 (46.2) | |||||
GG | 147 (41.9) | 211 (43.1) | 198 (39.6) | |||||
rs10421768 | GG | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.0000 | 0.3270 | 1.000 | 0.4533 |
AG | 3 (0.8) | 8 (1.6) | 7 (1.4) | |||||
AA | 354 (99.2) | 489 (98.4) | 493 (98.6) | |||||
rs3817623 | TT | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 0.8828 | 0.3129 | 03745 | 0.9983 |
GT | 30 (8.5) | 45 (11.0) | 46 (9.2) | |||||
GG | 322 (90.9) | 363 (88.5) | 453 (90.6) | |||||
rs7251432 | GG | 67 (18.8) | 77 (16.1) | 67 (13.4) | 0.3120 | 0.1672 | 0.0315* | 0.0939 |
AG | 163 (45.8) | 212 (44.5) | 243 (48.6) | |||||
AA | 126 (35.4) | 188 (39.4) | 190 (38.0) | |||||
rs2293689 | TT | 2 (0.6) | 4 (1.3) | 2 (0.4) | 0.3333 | 0.0410* | 0.7366 | 0.8016 |
CT | 44 (12.3) | 54 (17.0) | 60 (12.0) | |||||
CC | 312 (87.1) | 260 (81.7) | 438 (87.6) |
*Significant (P < 0.05) values are in bold.
Lack of correlation between HAMP polymorphisms and CAL formation, IVIG treatment, and aneurysm formation in KD patients
We also tested whether the HAMP polymorphisms correlated with the clinical phenotypes, but none of the polymorphisms had an association with CAL, CAA, or response to IVIG treatment (Tables 4, 5, and 6).
Table 4: Genotype and allele frequencies of HAMP gene in Kawasaki disease patients with or without coronary artery lesion formation
Genotype | CAL 2 (%) (n =64) | Without (%) (n =310) | Allele | CAL 2 (%) (n =64) | Without (%) (n =310) | Genotype p-value | Dominant p-value | Recessive p-value | Allelic p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs916145 | CC | 10 (18.2) | 36 (12.3) | C | 47 (42.7) | 202 (34.6) | 0.2696 | 0.1501 | 0.2403 | 0.1026 |
CG | 27 (49.1) | 130 (44.5) | G | 64 (57.3) | 382 (65.4) | |||||
GG | 18 (32.7) | 126 (43.2) | ||||||||
rs10421768 | GG | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | G | 1 (0.9) | 2 (0.3) | - | 0.4275 | - | 0.4285 |
AG | 1 (1.7) | 2 (0.7) | A | 115 (99.1) | 588 (99.7) | |||||
AA | 57 (98.3) | 293 (99.3) | ||||||||
rs3817623 | TT | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) | T | 5 (4.3) | 28 (4.8) | 0.8158 | 0.9447 | 0.5273 | 0.8222 |
GT | 5 (8.6) | 24 (8.2) | G | 111 (95.7) | 556 (95.2) | |||||
GG | 53 (91.4) | 266 (91.1) | ||||||||
rs7251432 | GG | 8 (13.6) | 56 (19.1) | G | 44 (37.3) | 247 (42.2) | 0.5787 | 0.5414 | 0.3130 | 0.3278 |
AG | 28 (47.4) | 135 (46.1) | A | 74 (62.7) | 339 (57.8) | |||||
AA | 23 (39.0) | 102 (34.8) | ||||||||
rs2293689 | TT | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) | T | 4 (3.3) | 43 (7.3) | 0.2682 | 0.1127 | 0.5176 | 0.1013 |
CT | 4 (6.6) | 39 (13.3) | C | 118 (96.7) | 543 (92.7) | |||||
CC | 57 (93.4) | 252 (86.0) |
Table 5: Genotype and allele frequencies of the HAMP gene in Kawasaki disease patients with aneurysm or without aneurysm
Table 6: Genotype and allele frequencies of the HAMP gene in Kawasaki disease patients that respond or do not respond to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment
Correlation between length of hospital stays and hepcidin levels in KD patients
In a prior study, we showed that the changes in hepcidin levels were related to the development of CAL and the response for IVIG treatment in KD patients [19]. In this study, we showed that longer hospital stays were observed in KD patients with CAL than in those without CAL (p = 0.005) (Figure 1). Furthermore, we confirmed using linear regression modeling that plasma hepcidin levels both before and after receiving IVIG treatment were positively correlated with patients’ length of hospital stays (R = 0.217, p = 0.046 and R = 0.381, p < 0.0001, respectively), as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1: Comparison of KD patients’ length of hospital stays. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. * indicates p < 0.05 between groups. KD indicates Kawasaki disease, CAL indicates coronary artery lesions.
Figure 2: Univariate analysis illustrates that plasma hepcidin levels both (A) before and (B) after IVIG treatment were positively correlated with patients’ length of hospital stays (R = 0.217, p = 0.046, and R = 0.381, p < 0.0001, respectively).
Correlation between AST, ALT, albumin, and hepcidin levels in KD patients
KD patients often present with hepatitis and jaundice [26], and since hepatocytes are the major producer of hepcidin, that could be directly related to the reason for modified hepcidin expression in KD patients. Furthermore, lower albumin levels were correlated with a resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and CAL formation [27–29]. We found that plasma hepcidin levels were negatively correlated with albumin (R = −0.27, p < 0.001) prior to IVIG treatment in KD patients (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Univariate analysis illustrates that plasma hepcidin was negatively correlated with (c) albumin (R = −0.27, p < 0.001) prior to IVIG treatment in KD patients.
DISCUSSION
We reported herein that HAMP correlated with KD patients’ disease susceptibility and length of hospital stays. Furthermore, rs2293689 of HAMP is an important marker with a significant correlation with KD risk. Plasma hepcidin levels in the KD patients both before and after IVIG treatment were positively correlated with patients’ length of hospital stays. In contrast, plasma hepcidin was negatively correlated with albumin before KD patients received IVIG treatment.
While there are many elevated inflammatory mediators in KD patients’ peripheral blood, no particular biomarker can be used to successfully predict the susceptibility, morbidity, prognosis, and treatment response of KD. The susceptible gene(s) and mechanisms of immunopathogenesis for KD also need to be clarified. In our recently study, we uncovered KD patients showed remarkably hypomethylation at the gene promoters of toll like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9, and increased these TLR mRNA expressions [30]. Interestingly, TLR4 dependent macrophage signaling is associated with coronary arterial disease [31] and a TLR4 agonist has been shown to stimulate hepcidin expression [32]. Moreover, hepcidin not only controls iron metabolism but also plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammation anemia [11]. Since anemia is often found in KD patients [19], we also indicated that higher hepcidin levels cause iron deficiency in the serum, thus reducing the availability of iron for erythropoiesis [20]. Furthermore, hepcidin associated iron homeostasis influences the ability of the macrophage polarization program [33] and aberrant activation and infiltration of macrophages is thought to be involved in the formation of arteritis in KD [34]. Moreover, we have shown in a recent study that high-dose aspirin significantly hinders the decrease of hepcidin levels and may be associated with a decrease in hemoglobin during the acute phase of KD [35].
Hepatocytes are the major producer of hepcidin. Since KD patients often present with hepatitis and jaundice [26], that may be one of the main reasons for modified hepcidin expression in KD patients. In fact, various studies have shown that higher AST and ALT levels and lower albumin levels were correlated with IVIG treatment resistance and CAL formation [27–29]. We further demonstrated that changes in hepcidin levels after patients received IVIG treatment were correlated with IVIG resistance and CAL formation [19]. In this study, we uncovered that plasma hepcidin was positively correlated with AST and ALT and negatively correlated with albumin prior to IVIG treatment in KD patients. In a recent study, plasma hepcidin was observed to increase significantly in ICU patients when compared with controls and was the highest in septic patients [36]. Hepcidin-induced low iron levels were also associated with both the short-term and long-term survival of critically ill patients [37]. Furthermore, Lin et al. identified hemoglobin as a useful marker for differentiating KD shock syndrome from toxic shock syndrome in a pediatric intensive care unit [38]. Therefore, the plasma hepcidin is greater in KD shock syndrome than in toxic shock syndrome. Therefore, the hepcidin and hemoglobin levels in KD can possibly be utilized clinically as a differential tool in the future. Based on the results in this study, we propose that hepcidin likely plays an important role in the pathogenesis and disease outcomes of KD patients. In the future, researcher should investigate the molecular machinery of hepcidin in KD and might unlock the mystery of KD.
However, this study still has limitations. The correlation coefficient between plasma hepcidin and several markers for KD severity were statistically significant but had values less than 0.4, thus potentially limiting the clinical application. Although HAMP demonstrated a borderline significance in the risk of KD in a Taiwanese population, clinical samples of a second population should be considered to confirm this significance.
In short, we reported herein that HAMP polymorphism might have a role in the disease susceptibility, as well as its expressions correlated with disease susceptibility, length of hospital stays, and albumin levels. This study provides a potential prognosis biomarker for Taiwanese children with KD.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients
The Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital approved our study, and we obtained written informed consent from the parents or guardians of all the participating children. We recruited 381 KD patients (Table 1) for this study, and all of them were first treated with one dose of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (2 g/kg) over 12 h. We took two sets of blood samples: one within 24 h prior to IVIG treatment (pre-IVIG) and the other within 3 days following IVIG treatment (post-IVIG). We excluded any patients with symptoms that either did not correspond to the KD criteria or had experienced acute fever for less than 5 days. All patients were subjected to two-dimensional, pulse Doppler and color flow imaging at least three times within 8 weeks from the onset of the illness. If a patient was observed to have abnormal coronary arteries, an echocardiographic follow-up was scheduled every 3 to 6 months for one year and then once a year afterwards until the affected coronary arteries returned to normal, as reported in our previous studies [29, 39]. This current study carried out said the aforementioned echocardiography using a SONOS 5500 or 7500 cardiac scanner (Philips, Andover, MA, USA) and 5- to 8-MHz sector phased array transducers in order to visualize the diameters of both the right and left coronary arteries on the parasternal short-axis view of the aorta [4]. Pursuant to the guidelines of Japan’s Ministry of Health, a CAL is considered a coronary artery if it has an internal diameter more than 3 mm (or 4 mm, if the patient was older than 5 years old) or if a segment has a diameter that is at least 1.5 times that of a contiguous segment, as observed on an echocardiogram. KD patients with coronary artery ectasia or dilatation that disappeared within the first 8 weeks after the onset of the illness were considered as having transient ectasia instead of CAL [40, 41]. We further classified coronary arteries based on whether aneurysms were present using the criteria published by the JCS Joint Working Group. A CAA (including medium and large aneurysms) was defined as a coronary artery with an internal diameter of at least 4 mm or, in children older than 5 years old, a segment with an internal diameter at least 1.5 times that of a contiguous segment as observed through echocardiography [40, 41]. A patient was considered to have responded to IVIG treatment if his/her fever abated 48 h after completing IVIG treatment and they had no recurrence of fever (defined as a temperature > 38°C) for at least 7 days afterwards, as well as visible improvement or normalization of inflammation [10, 29]. We also examined the plasma hepcidin in 85 patients with KD (Table 2) before and after they were treated with IVIG. The blood samples were immediately placed in tubes that already had heparin, while the other plasma aliquots were stored at –80°C until they were assayed.
DNA extraction
We treated the obtained blood cells with a 0.5% SDS lysis buffer and then protease K (1 mg/ml) for 4 hours at 60°C to digest nuclear proteins. All DNA was extracted using a Gentra extraction kit, which was followed by 70% alcohol precipitation.
Genotyping
We selected five tagging SNPs of HAMP (rs916145, rs10421768, rs3817623, rs7251432, and rs2293689) with a minimum allelic frequency of 1% in the Han Chinese population from the HapMap database (http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). All HAMP gene polymorphisms were found in the introns. We carried out genotyping using a TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). PCR was performed quickly with a 96-well microplate in an ABI 9700 Thermal Cycler using the following thermal cycling conditions: denaturation at 95°C for 10 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 92°C for 15 seconds each, and then annealing and extension at 60°C for 1 min as previously described [42]. We used System SDS software version 1.2.3 to quantify and analyze fluorescence. The average genotyping success rate of our laboratory was 95.7%; therefore, the genotyping data of some subjects were unavailable. The genotype data of the 500 control subjects were obtained from Taiwan’s Bio-Bank.
Measurement of cytokines by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA)
The ELISA kits that we used for plasma hepcidin-25 were commercially available competitive assays with synthetic hepcidin (Bachem Biosciences, St. Helens, United Kingdom, Catalog Number: S-1337), and we used the performance protocol described in one of our previous studies [19].
Statistical analysis
All data in this study are presented as mean ± standard error. The genotypes and allele frequencies that correlated with KD susceptibility and disease outcomes (CAL formation, IVIG treatment response, and aneurysm) were analyzed using the Chi-square test, which was then used with 1 degree of freedom to carry out the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Changes between the values before and after IVIG treatment were evaluated with a paired-sample t-test. Two-sided p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 22.0 for Windows (SPSS software, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and JMP 9.0 for Windows.
Abbreviations
CAA = coronary artery aneurysms, CAL = coronary artery lesions, IVIG = intravenous immunoglobulin, KD = Kawasaki disease, SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors hereby state that they have no financial interests to disclose in relation to this article.
GRANT SUPPORT
This study was partly supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST: 105-2314-B-182-050-MY3), the Ministry of Health and Welfare (PMRPG8E0011), and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital CMRPG8F1911, CMRPG8F1921, CMRPG 8F1931, CMRPG8F1941 and in Taiwan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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