Abstract
Yaoyao Shi1,2, Yue Kuai1, Lizhen Lei1, Yuanyuan Weng1, Friederike Berberich-Siebelt3, Xinxia Zhang4, Jinjie Wang5, Yuan Zhou6, Xin Jiang1, Guoping Ren7, Hongyang Pan4, Zhengrong Mao1, Ren Zhou1
1Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
2Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
3Institute of Pathology, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
4Epitomics Inc., Hangzhou, China
5Department of Pathology, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
6Postgraduate School in Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
7Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Correspondence to:
Ren Zhou, email: [email protected]
Zhengrong Mao, email: [email protected]
Keywords: LITAF, BCL6, transcription, apoptosis, B-NHL
Received: April 13, 2016 Accepted: September 02, 2016 Published: October 15, 2016
ABSTRACT
Dysregulation of the apoptotic pathway is widely recognized as a key step in lymphomagenesis. Notably, LITAF was initially identified as a p53-inducible gene, subsequently implicated as a tumor suppressor. Our previous study also showed LITAF to be methylated in 89.5% B-NHL samples. Conversely, deregulated expression of BCL6 is a pathogenic event in many lymphomas. Interestingly, our study found an oppositional expression of LITAF and BCL6 in B-NHL. In addition, LITAF was recently identified as a novel target gene of BCL6. Therefore, we sought to explore the feedback loop between LITAF and BCL6 in B-NHL. Here, our data for the first time show that LITAF can repress expression of BCL6 by binding to Region A (-87 to +65) containing a putative LITAF-binding motif (CTCCC) within the BCL6 promoter. Furthermore, the regulation of BCL6 targets ( PRDM1 or c-Myc) by LITAF may be associated with B-cell differentiation. Results also demonstrate that ectopic expression of LITAF induces cell apoptosis, activated by releasing cytochrome c, cleaving PARP and caspase 3 in B-NHL cells whereas knockdown of LITAF robustly protected cells from apoptosis. Interestingly, BCL6, in turn, could reverse cell apoptosis mediated by LITAF. Collectively, our findings provide a novel apoptotic regulatory pathway in which LITAF, as a transcription factor, inhibits the expression of BCL6, which leads to activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and tumor apoptosis. Our study is expected to provide a possible biomarker as well as a target for clinical therapies to promote tumor cell apoptosis.
INTRODUCTION
LITAF, encoding a transcription factor, was initially identified as the p53- inducible gene7 (termed Pig7) in 1997 [1]. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that LITAF could bind to a sequence motif, CTCCC (-515 to -511), within the TNF promoter, activating transcription of TNF upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation [2, 3]. Apart from its critical role in inflammatory response, mutations in LITAF are associated with Paget’s disease [4] and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) [5, 6]. Recently, accumulating evidences have indicated that LITAF may be considered as a tumor suppressor in different malignancies. For instance, Zhou et al. previously characterized LITAF as one of downstream targets of AMPK to inhibit cancer cell growth, through up-regulation of TNFSF15 in prostate cancer cells [7]. LITAF was also identified to promote cell apoptosis and differentiation in acute myeloid leukaemia [8], and the decreased expression was observed in breast cancer [9].
In mature B-cell lymphoma, LITAF is inactivated by epigenetic mechanisms [10], but the biological functions of LITAF remain to be discovered. Recent studies have showed, both mRNA and protein expression of LITAF are significantly down-regulated in germinal centre (GC) B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (GCB-DLBCL), which display constitutively high BCL6 expression [11–13]. Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that LITAF is a novel target of BCL6 [14], providing new insights into the crosstalk between BCL6 and LITAF. In fact, BCL6 is a transcriptional repressor of the POZ/BTB zinc-finger protein family, acting as a key regulator for development of the germinal center (GC) and further differentiation [15]. Of note, BCL6 is required to sustain proliferation and survival of DLBCL cells through regulation of specific targets such as PRDM1, c-Myc or PAX-5 [16–18]. Additionally, the role of BCL6 in preventing cell apoptosis is demonstrated by previous studies about its repression of p53 [19, 20], PDCD2 [21–22] or caspase 3 cascade [23] and its cooperation with Bcl-XL [24]. Accordingly, to improve understanding about the functions of LITAF in B-NHL, we focus on the negative correlation between BCL6 and LITAF. We propose the hypothesis that an apoptosis pathway is induced by LITAF, and partly reversed by BCL6.
The fact that B-NHL is a highly heterogeneous disease with different biology and clinical outcome, prompt current studies to find a potential biomarker for clinical diagnosis or therapy. Our primary study showed LITAF to be silenced due to aberrant CpG methylation in B-NHL cases, which is probably a critical event for the oncogenesis of B-NHL. In this study, we offer an explanation for the anti-oncogenic function of LITAF, which may act as a novel proapoptotic activator through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Furthermore, LITAF might facilitate cell apoptosis and terminal differentiation by transcriptional repression of BCL6, thereby increasing the likelihood of other genetic events associated with the development of B-cell lymphomas. In sum, our work provides novel insights into the properties of LITAF-associated BCL6 repression and induction of apoptosis, with broader implications for therapy development by targeting cell apoptosis in B-NHL.
RESULTS
Expression of LITAF correlates inversely with BCL6 in B-NHL
To explore the biological functions of LITAF in B cells, we detected the expression of LITAF and BCL6 in 55 B-NHL samples by immunochemistry (Table 1). The data showed cytoplasmic expression of LITAF surrounding GCs, whereas the expression of BCL6 was located within GC cells in reactive tonsils (Figure 1A). Our findings about different subtypes of B-NHL cases with negative correlation between BCL6 and LITAF (Supplementary Table S1, Figure 1A and 1B) were consistent with a previous study. Here, the inverse association between the two proteins was also significant in DLBCLs (data not show), which may offer a possibility for further investigation. In addition, the expression of LITAF and BCL6 was assayed in six B-NHL cell lines including Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines (Raji, Daudi, Ramos and Namalwa) and DLBCL cell lines (OCI-Ly3 and OCI-Ly6) at mRNA and protein level. In accordance with the IHC data, a strong linear correlation between LITAF and BCL6 mRNA expression levels was observed in B-NHL cells evaluated by Spearman’s correlation (r = -0.8286; P = 0.0292) (Figure 1C). As shown in Figure 1D, all cell lines expressed LITAF, although at variable levels. Cells displaying the lowest expression levels between the two B-NHL types were then selected for further analysis (Ramos and OCI-Ly6, respectively). OCI-Ly3 and Namalwa cell lines were also used as experimental models due to their highest expression of LITAF. Collectively, these results establish a relevant inverse relationship between LITAF and BCL6, implicating the functions of LITAF to be associated with the crosstalk with BCL6 in B-NHL cells.
Table 1: Distribution of LITAF and BCL6 staining in 55 B-NHL cases
cases | LITAF protein | BCL6 protein | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
low | high | low | high | ||
DLBCL | 36 | 13 | 23 | 22 | 14 |
SLL | 8 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 1 |
MALT | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
FL | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Burkitt’s | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Undetermined | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Abbreviations: DLBCL, diffuse large B cell lymphoma; SLL, small B cell lymphoma; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; FL, follicular lymphoma; Burkitt’s, Burkitt’s lymphoma.
Figure 1: LITAF inversely correlates with BCL6 in B-NHL. A. Representative histopathological morphology and immunohistochemical images of reactive human tonsil, DLBCL, SLL, MALT or FL staining for LITAF and BCL6 (×400 objective magnifications). B. The quantification about IHC of B-NHL samples for LITAF and BCL6 analysis (n = 55; P = 0.0024, χ2 test). C. The mRNA levels of LITAF and BCL6 in 6 B-NHL cell lines were evaluated by Spearman’s rank correlation (r = -0.8286; P = 0.0292). D. Western blotting and quantification for LITAF and BCL6 in six B-NHL cell lines, the relative expression values were normalized to β-actin. At least three independent experiments were carried out.
The transcription factor LITAF directly represses BCL6 as a feedback
A recent study for the first time has demonstrated that LITAF, a novel target of BCL6, regulates autophagy in mature B-cell lymphomas [14]. This study provided evidences for the transcriptional repression of LITAF by BCL6 in B cells. Here, we found that there may be a reciprocal feedback loop between LITAF and BCL6. Interestingly, LITAF could regulate BCL6 expression at mRNA level. Compared with the control groups, the expression of BCL6 was significantly decreased in Ramos and OCI-Ly6 cells after over-expression of LITAF (Figure 2A). In contrast, BCL6 was up-regulated after silenced LITAF in OCI-Ly3 and Namalwa cell lines (Figure 2B). These data indicated that LITAF could regulate the expression of BCL6 as a feedback, which aroused our interest. We next determined if this led to changes in BCL6 transcriptional activity. Therefore, we analysed the expression of BCL6 target genes (PRDM1 and c-Myc) to determine if modulation of BCL6 mRNA expression by LITAF resulted in changes in its targets. We found that PRDM1 was significantly increased along with down-regulated c-Myc in Ramos and OCI-Ly6 cells (Figure 2A). As we expected, for OCI-Ly3 and Namalwa cells, knockdown of LITAF decreased PRDM1 and up-regulated c-Myc (Figure 2B). Therefore, the activation status of LITAF has direct effects on BCL6 functions, as measured by the expression changes of BCL6 target genes.
Figure 2: Transcriptional regulation of BCL6 by LITAF. A. qRT-PCR showing temporal regulation of BCL6 and its target genes by LITAF in Ramos and OCI-Ly6 cells 48 h post-infection. Control, cells with pLVX virus; LITAF-myc, cells with over-expressed LITAF. B. Effect of silencing LITAF on BCL6, PRDM1 and c-Myc mRNA in OCI-Ly3 and Namalwa cells. LITAF-shR, shRNA against LITAF; CTRL-shR, scrambled shRNA. C. Graphic representation of the BCL6 gene highlighting the three potential LITAF binding sites. The sequences of A (-87 to +65), B (+66 to +206) and C (+358 to +488) of the BCL6 gene are shown containing the LITAF consensus sites (CTCCC) underlined. Sequence numbers are in reference to the + 1 nucleotide identified by previous study [43]. D. ChIP assay in OCI-Ly3 cells. PCR was performed with primers specific for three potential regulating regions (A, B and C) in the promoter of BCL6, respectively. The PCR product was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis (left), and qRT-PCR results are expressed as fold enrichment calculated as the percentage of input for the specific antibody (LITAF) with respect to IgG control of three replicates (right). Marker, 100-bp ladder. E. Schematic representation of the wild-type and three mutant (CTCCC to CTAAA) BCL6 reporters used in the experiments. F. The luciferase activity of BCL6 reporter plasmid in cell lines including 293T, Ramos and OCI-Ly6 after over-expression of LITAF (upper); and OCI-Ly3 cells infected with shRNA for LITAF or control virus (lower). G. Luciferase activity of wild-type (WT) or mutant (Mut-A, Mut-B and Mut-C) BCL6 reporters in OCI-Ly6 cells transfected with LITAF. Mean±s.d. of three technical replicates were plotted. *P < 0.05, Student’s t-test.
To investigate the underlying mechanism about the repression of BCL6, ChIP assays were performed to determine whether LITAF was able to bind to the BCL6 promoter. Considering that mutations in 5’ noncoding sequences of BCL6 were frequent in B-cell lymphoma, which might contain potential regulatory regions [25], three pairs of primers were designed to amplify enrichment sites with specific binding motif (CTCCC) around the first exon of BCL6, respectively (Figure 2C) [26]. Following ChIP of OCI-Ly3 cells with an antibody specific for LITAF, the fragment of 152 bp containing the putative LITAF binding site at Region A was successfully amplified (Figure 2D). Additionally, similar results were showed in qRT-PCR analysis (Figure 2D). These data indicated that in vivo LITAF was binding to Region A (-87 to +65)of BCL6 gene. To further validate the predicted target, we performed the luciferase reporter assays. Compared with control cells, luciferase activities decreased significantly in Ramos and OCI-Ly6 cells with over-expressed LITAF (Figure 2F). Conversely, the BCL6 luciferase activity in LITAF-silenced OCI-Ly3 cells increased significantly in comparison to that in control cells (Figure 2F). To assess whether the previously documented phenotypic effects were due to the specific binding motif (CTCCC) in Region A, Ramos-LITAF cells were transfected with BCL6 wild-type reporter, or three mutant BCL6 reporters containing motif (CTCCC to CTAAA) (Figure 2E). Consistent with ChIP assay data (Figure 2D), LITAF sensitivity of BCL6 required an intact Region A and therefore, the responsive element to be in its appropriate genomic context (Figure 2G). Taken together, LITAF can function as a transcription factor, associated with transcriptional repression of BCL6.
LITAF interacts with BCL6 in vivo
Studies previously identified LITAF as a transcription factor, activating transcription of TNF upon LPS stimulation [2, 3]. Under basal conditions, LITAF was expressed in the cytoplasm. However, LITAF translocated into the nucleus and modulate expression of inflammatory cytokines upon activation [27]. Accordingly, we performed immunofluorescent assays to confirm the hypothesis that LITAF, as a transcription factor, would translocate to the nucleus and further regulate its target genes. We used double IF on fixed LITAF-over-expressing OCI-Ly6 cells, consecutively stained with anti-LITAF-Alexa-594 and anti-BCL6-Alexa-488 antibodies. As the data showed in Figure 3A (replicate experiments), continuous expression of LITAF could be found in the nucleus, supporting the transcriptional regulation of BCL6. Furthermore, we found that co-transfection of LITAF and BCL6 in 293T cells induced an interaction (Figure 3B), which reveal the existence of a protein-protein interaction between the two transcription factors in vivo.
Figure 3: The location and interaction of LITAF and BCL6 protein. A. Detection by immunofluorescence of LITAF (red), BCL6 (green) and DAPI (blue) in OCI-Ly6 cells transfected with LITAF-myc. Representative images showing localizations of LITAF and BCL6 from replicate experiments. Bar, 50μm. B. Co-IP was used to analyze the binding ability between LITAF (with myc tag) and BCL6 (with HA tag) in 293T cells. Each experiment was performed independently at least three times.
LITAF positively regulates apoptosis through intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in B-NHL cell lines
With regard to LITAF that was dramatically up-regulated upon activation of p53 [1], we hypothesized that LITAF may activate apoptosis in B-NHL cells. As shown in Figure 4A, compared with the control groups (Blank and Control), LITAF overexpression in Ramos and OCI-Ly6 cells could particularly induce apoptosis. In line with LITAF-supported apoptotic events, a rise in Bax and fall in Bcl-XL (although not significant), release of cytochrome c, as well as cleavage of PARP and caspase 3 were observed (Figure 4B). Simultaneously, LITAF was knockdown in OCI-Ly3 and Namalwa cells, and apoptosis was assessed after treatment with hydrogen peroxide combined with serum deprivation. Interestingly, LITAF-silenced OCI-Ly3 and Namalwa cells displayed a decrease in apoptosis along with significant repression of Bax expression and cytochrome c release (Figure 4C and Figure 4D). Thus, these results above suggest that LITAF may act as a proapoptotic activator and induce cell apoptosis through intrinsic pathway in B-cell lymphoma.
Figure 4: The function of LITAF involved in regulating apoptosis in B-NHL cells. A. Apoptosis assay for Ramos (upper panel) and OCI-Ly6 cells (lower panel) infected with either LITAF-myc or control virus (pLVX) along with blank (non-infected cells), quantification analysis was shown on the right. *P < 0.05, LITAF-myc versus control, while #P < 0.05, LITAF-myc versus blank. B. Immunoblotting for LITAF, Bcl-XL, Cleaved PARP, Bax, Cleaved Caspase 3 and cytochrome c in Ramos and OCI-Ly6 cells with over-expressed LITAF or control (upper panel). β-actin was used as loading control. The quantitative analysis for western blot was reported from three independent experiments (lower panel). C. Apoptosis analysis (left) and quantification (right) for the effect of silenced-LITAF in OCI-Ly3 and Namalwa cell lines. *P < 0.05, LITAF-shR versus CTRL-shR, while #P < 0.05, LITAF-shR versus blank. D. Western blotting and quantification of LITAF, Bax, cytochrome c and β-actin were analyzed in blank cells and the stably-infected lymphoma cell lines including CTRL-shR cells and LITAF-shR cells. The result shown is a representative of three independent experiments.
BCL6 inhibits the apoptosis activated by LITAF in B-NHL cell lines
Our previous results revealed a cross-talk between LITAF and BCL6. In order to further investigate whether BCL6 was involved in the same pathway of apoptosis, we electro-tansfected a BCL6 expression vector or control plasmid into LITAF over-expressing Ramos cells. As the data showed, over-expressed BCL6 could partly reverse the apoptosis rate (Figure 5A), indicating that there was a balance between BCL6 and LITAF to determine the fate of cells. Moreover, we analyzed the distribution of BCL6 and active caspase 3 expression in 40 B-NHL samples. Interestingly, a negative correlation between the two proteins was observed (Figure 5B), suggesting that BCL6 may function to repress apoptosis in B-NHL. The fact that the documented repression of p53 [19, 20], PDCD2 [21, 22] or the caspase 3 cascade [23] by BCL6 may offer an explanation for the anti-apoptotic role of BCL6. Overall, these data indicate that BCL6, as an oncogene involved in lymphomagenesis, can reverse cell apoptosis induced by LITAF.
Figure 5: BCL6 inhibit cell apoptosis mediated by LITAF in B-NHL. A. Compared with control, partial recovery of LITAF induced apoptosis by the over-expression of BCL6. Ramos-LITAF, Ramos cell lines transfected with LITAF; the right column, quantitative analysis of apoptosis, with statistics. B. IHC and quantification for BCL6 and active caspase 3 in B-NHL cases (n = 40; P = 0.0313, χ2 test). Each experiment was performed at least three times. *P < 0.05. C. Pathway of LITAF induction of apoptosis. In the nucleus, BCL6 was repressed by transcription factor LITAF by binding the region A. The overexpressed LITAF in cytoplasm could activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by releasing cytochrome c from mitochondria, cleaving caspase 3 and PARP. The upregulation of BCL6 could reverse cell apoptosis as a feedback.
DISCUSSION
In our study, we have for the first time identified BCL6 as a possible novel target of LITAF. Accordingly, LITAF translocated into the nucleus where it could bind to the Region A of the BCL6 promoter. This leads to downregulation of BCL6 expression as well as changes in BCL6 target genes related to B-cell differentiation. In addition, our data show an in vivo protein interaction between LITAF and BCL6, hinting towards a combined mechanism. The inhibition of BCL6 by LITAF is not only via transcriptional repression, but also partly via protein–protein interaction. Further results prove that ectopical expression of LITAF can induce cell apoptosis through an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, and the repression of BCL6 may be responsible for apoptosis activated by LITAF (Figure 5C).
LITAF, an activator of TNF upon LPS stimulation, functions as a transcription factor in the inflammatory response [3]. In line, Tang et al. previously demonstrated a novel LITAF-binding site (CTCCC) on the TNF promoter [2]. Besides that, LITAF inhibits cell proliferation by specially binding to the same consensus motif, CTCCC (-515 to -511), and activating transcription of TNFSF15 in prostate cancer [7]. Differences may rely on the network of transcription factors. For example, a functional interaction between LITAF and STAT6 (B) has been identified in monocytes and macrophages, which is important for the expression of several cytokines [27]. Nevertheless, studies above support that LITAF acts as a transcription factor involved in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines or genes relevant to tumorigenesis. Surprisingly, LITAF did not induce TNF secretion upon LPS stimulation in B-cell lymphomas, and subcellular localization determined LITAF to be cytoplasmic only [14]. On the contrary, we characterized LITAF as a transcription factor in B-cell lymphoma, translocating to the nucleus and repressing BCL6 mRNA expression by binding to its regulatory region (Figure 2C-2G and Figure 3A). In addition, the detected protein-protein interaction between LITAF and BCL6 might counteract BCL6 activity (Figure 3B). Intriguingly, there is a prerequisite for shielding BCL6 activity by another transcription factor, namely T-bet, which masks the BCL6 DNA-binding domain in T-helper 1 cells [28]. LITAF on the other hand might depend on interacting transcription factors to translocate to the nucleus as revealed for the LITAF-STAT6 (B) complex [27]. Thus, if interaction with BCL6 enables nuclear translocation of LITAF, which subsequently represses BCL6 expression, this could explain the observed differences in subcellular localization between the two reports on B-cell lymphoma.
As the proto-oncogene BCL6 is a master regulator of B-lymphocyte development, it inhibits expression of PRDM1 and blocks further differentiation [16, 29]. c-Myc is repressed by PRDM1, which explains cessation of cell cycle in plasma cells as it is required for proliferation and growth [17, 30, 31]. Consistently, LITAF-associated inhibition of BCL6 relieved the repression of PRDM1 along with downregulation of c-Myc (Figure 2A). On the other hand, knock-down of LITAF could up-regulate expression of BCL6 and force repression of PRDM1, whereas c-Myc expression subsequently increased (Figure 2B). Therefore, the repression of BCL6 by LITAF and changes in its targets implicate that LITAF may indirectly contribute to plasma cell differentiation. Nonetheless, a detailed examination of physiological signals, which regulate LITAF expression in B- or plasma cells, is missing. At least in B-cell lymphoma, LPS rarely induces LITAF [14] and the LITAF-regulated pathway in B-NHL cells might thus yield additional experiments.
Notably, a possible cross-talk between LITAF and BCL6 has been supported by the recent findings that LITAF is a novel target of BCL6 [14]. The report showed about the negatively correlated expression level between LITAF and BCL6 was coincidently consistent with our data (Figure 1). Further experiments pointed to a role of LITAF in regulating apoptosis in B cells (Figure 4A and 4C), suggesting a link between BCL6 and apoptosis. Given that LITAF was initially identified as a target in p53-induced apoptosis [1] and interaction between CIDE-3 and LITAF might be involved in the apoptosis of liver cells [32]. In line, differentially regulated players of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway (Figure 4B and 4D) imply the possible apoptotic mechanism mediated by LITAF. Interestingly, BCL6 overexpression can immortalize p53-deficient B cells [33], or protect cells from apoptosis by repressing p53 [19]. Furthermore, BCL6 may act as a stabilizer in protecting spermatocytes from apoptosis induced by stressors [23] and enhance the viability of differentiating myocytes by preventing apoptosis [34]. In agreement, PDCD2 is a target of BCL6 repression [21, 22]. Accumulating evidences indicate that BCL6 is a positive regulator of B-cell proliferation, which could remain cell viability by inhibiting apoptosis. Importantly, these reports were consistent with our findings where we could place BCL6 as an oncogene, which partly reverses cell apoptosis activated by LITAF (Figure 5A). Additionally, apoptosis is repressed significantly by the caspase 3-directed peptide inhibitor in the BCL6-knock-down cells [23]. In our work, the inverse correlation between BCL6 and active caspase 3 in 40 B-NHL cases (Figure 5B), implies that apoptosis reversed by BCL6 may be relative with the repression of caspase 3 cascade. Thus, it is likely that the crosstalk mediates specifically the LITAF-dependent BCL6 repression and subsequent induction of cell apoptosis by the activation of intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.
Our primary study has demonstrated that LITAF is methylated with high frequency in B-NHL cases, probably a critical event to the lymphomagenesis. Interestingly, the follow-up study has also showed 57% (4/7) percent of cases with poor survival displaying lower expressed LITAF (data not shown), which needs to expand further samples. Studies above implicate that LITAF, as a positive regulator of apoptosis like p53, might act as a similar tumor suppressor suggested by other groups [7, 9, 14]. It has been reported that the repression of LITAF by BCL6 is essential to ensure a rapidly proliferating state of those B cells in GCB-DLBCL [14]. As apoptosis is involved in the physiological development of B cells within the GCs [35, 36], the feedback loop between BCL6 and LITAF may be involved in regulating apoptosis during the somatic hypermutation and proliferation processes. On the contrary, continuous expression of anti-apoptotic proteins or mutations in apoptosis-inducing genes play a critical role in lymphomagenesis [37]. Therefore, understanding the fine tuning between apoptosis and lymphomagenesis as exemplified by the presented feedback loop between BCL6 and LITAF may offer hope for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
In conclusion, our study for the first time identifies BCL6 as a novel target of LITAF, which is involved in regulating cell apoptosis in B-NHL. Our work may also provide a new apoptotic pathway, in which ectopic LITAF induces apoptosis by activating caspase cascade which could be reversed by BCL6 as a feedback. Consequently, further experiments need to be clarified whether LITAF may function as a promising target with therapeutic value in B cell lymphoma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell cultures
293T and Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines (Raji, Daudi and Namalwa) were obtained from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China); Ramos (Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line) cell line was purchased from the ATCC; DLBCL cell lines OCI-Ly3 and OCI-Ly6 were kindly provided by Dr. X. Jiang (China) and Professor T. Zhao (China), respectively. The 293T cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco). Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS (Gibco), and the DLBCL cell lines were maintained in IMDM with 10% FBS (Gibco). Cultures were maintained in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37 °C.
DNA constructs
The LITAF gene was PCR-amplified from 293T cDNA and sub-cloned with a six-repeating myc tag at its amino terminus into the pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen1 plasmid (Clontech Laboratories), named LITAF-myc-pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen1 (LITAF-myc). A set of three LITAF siRNA were transfected into 293T cells to examine a clone that produces the most efficient silencing effect. Double-stranded oligonucleotides coding for siRNA that specifically target LITAF transcript (sense: 5’-GUGUCAUCUUUG- AAGUCAAGA-3’ and anti-sense: 5 ’-UUGACUUCAAAGAUGACACAG-3’) were cloned into the pLKO.1 vector (Addgene) by Integrated Biotech Solutions (Shanghai, China). The plasmid was sequenced and named pLKO.1-puro-LITAF-shRNA (LITAF-shRNA). PLKO.1-puro control plasmid (CTRL-shRNA) contained an insert with non-target. BCL6 promoter construct was created by amplifying -211 to +567 fragments using BCL6-Luc primers (Supplementary Table S3) and inserting them upstream of the SV40 promoter in the luciferase pGL3 vector (Promega) [38]. Additionally, we constructed three mutant BCL6 reporters (CTCCC to CTAAA) using primers listed in Supplementary Table S3, termed BCL6-Mut-A, BCL6-Mut-B and BCL6-Mut-C, respectively [39].
LITAF gain and loss of function experiments
Lentivirus was packaged by different recombinant plasmids along with helper plasmids (psPAX2 and pMD2.G) in 293T cells, and virus supernatants were collected at 48 h and 72 h post-transfection. After concentration, recombinant LITAF-myc- pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen1 virus or control (pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen1) virus was infected into OCI-Ly6 and Ramos cells. Additionally, LITAF was silenced with recombinant LITAF-pLKO.1-puro virus in OCI-Ly3 and Namalwa cells, and control cells were generated using a non-target scramble. After infection, stable clones with shRNA were selected with puromycin (Invitrogen) at a final concentration of 2μg/ml.
Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR)
Total RNA was isolated from cell lines by Trizol (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and reverse-transcribed using a PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara). Real-time PCR was performed three times in triplicate with SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM (Takara), using the CFX96 TouchTM Real-Time PCR System (BIO-RAD). The real-time primer sequences were listed in Supplementary Table S3. Relative expression levels was normalized to GAPDH and calculated with the 2-ΔΔct method. Each experiment was performed independently at least three times.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays
ChIP assays were performed according to the protocol of EZ-ChIP kit (Merck Millipore). OCI-Ly3 cells were cross-linked with formaldehyde (1% final concentration), quenched and lysed in lysis buffer. 4μg of antibody for LITAF (sc-166546, Santa Cruz) or normal mouse IgG was applied to precipitate chromatin from 2×106 cells. Primers were designed to amplify three regions containing a specific binding site (CTCCC) each for LITAF: Region A (nucleotides -87 to +65); Region B (nucleotides +66 to +206); and Region C (nucleotides +358 to +488) with primers shown in Supplementary Table S3. Immunoprecipitated DNA and input samples were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and qRT-PCR as described above. ChIP values were normalized to input and expressed as mean fold change relative to nonspecific IgG of three replicates.
Luciferase reporter assay
Cells were plated in 12-well plates at a density of 1×106 cells/well. For luciferase assays in Ramos and OCI-Ly6 cells, 1μg of LITAF-pCDNA3.1(+)6myc or pCDNA3.1(+)6myc, together with 1μg of BCL6 promoter constructs, and 20 ng of pRL-TK were transiently transfected into the cells by electro-transfection (Nucleofector II, Amaxa Biosystems) using the Amaxa Cell Line Nucleofector Kit V (Lonza). For stably LITAF-silenced Namalwa and OCI-Ly3 cells or control cells, 250 ng of BCL6 reporter plasmids, and 10 ng of pRL-TK were transiently transfected by Lipofectamine™ 3000 (Invitrogen). Despite the wild-type BCL6 reporter assay, we mutated the specific motif (CTCCC to CTAAA) in three different sites of the promoter. OCI-Ly6 cells were transfected in duplicate with 1μg of LITAF- pCDNA3.1(+)6myc, together with 1μg of plasmids encoding either wt or mutant forms of BCL6 reporters and pRL-TK. After 24-36 h, cells were lysed and luciferase activities were measured by the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega). Three replicates were performed for each condition, and at least three independent experiments were carried out.
Western blotting
The protein samples were resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), electroph oretically transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore) and blocked in 5% BSA or nonfat milk in PBS/Tween-20. Antibodies specific for BCL6, Cleaved-PARP, Cleaved-caspase 3, Bcl-XL, Bax and cytochrome c were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. The anti-LITAF, anti-actin, anti-HA and anti-c-Myc antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. The experiments for the immunoblotting were performed at least three times.
Apoptosis assay
Ramos and OCI-Ly6 cells were infected with control or LITAF-pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen1 virus for 48-96h. 2×105 cells were harvested with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In addition, Ramos cells with up-regulated LITAF were transfected with BCL6-pCDNA3.1(-)2HA or control vector. Cells were also collected and stained with Annexin V-PE along with 7-AAD, then infection efficiency (percentage of GFP) and apoptosis assay were detected by flow cytometry. LITAF-silenced Namalwa and OCI-Ly3 cells or control cells, treated with hydrogen peroxide combined serum deprivation, were assayed by AnnexinV-FITC and propidium iodide staining. The quantitative analysis of the percentage of positive cells was reported from three independent experiments.
Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)
293T cells were co-transfected with BCL6 (with HA tag) and LITAF vectors (with myc tag) by Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen). 36 h after transfection, the harvested cells were lysed on ice for 1 h using RIPA buffer (P0013, Beyotime) with 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride. Co-IP was performed as described previously [40]. Briefly, 2 ul anti-HA antibody (sc-7392, Santa Cruz) was added to the whole-cell lysate. The immune complexes were incubated at 4°C with rotation and collected using 10 ul protein G Plus-Agarose Immuno-precipitation Reagent (sc-2002, Santa Cruz). After that, the collected agarose beads were boiled in SDS sample and analyzed by western blotting. All the experiments were performed in triplicate.
Immunohistochemistry
A total of 55 B-NHLs paraffin-embedded samples (Table 1) were obtained from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, and Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology of Zhejiang University after necessary informed. In each case, diagnosis of B-NHL was made according to the World Health Organiza- tion Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues [41]. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhejiang University (Hangzhou, China). IHC staining was performed using the EnVision system (Maixin Biotech) with antibodies for BCL6 (1:500, Dako), LITAF (1:2000, Abcam) and active caspase 3(1:400, Abcam). Data were calculated as previously described [42], and all scores were subdivided into two groups: low expression (≤median) and high expression (>median).
Immunofluorescence staining
After 24 h transfection, OCI-Ly6 cells were washed twice in PBS, cytospun onto slide, air dried and fixed in acetone at -20 °C for 15 min. After treatment of 0.3% Triton X-100 ( KeyGen Biotech) for 10 min, the slides were blocked with 10% BSA for 1 h at room temperature. The cells were then incubated with the primary antibody against LITAF (diluted 1:200, Santa Cruz) and BCL6 (diluted 1:200, CST) overnight at 4°C. Signals were detected with Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 594, respectively. Nuclei in live cells were stained with 40, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and visualized with laser confocal microscopy (Zeiss).
Statistical analysis
Differences in immunoexpression frequencies were assessed using the Chi-square test. For in vitro and in vivo assays, data was analyzed using Student’s t-test to compare the results among experimental groups and control groups. Statistical analysis was carried out using Graph Pad Prism version 5. Significance level was set at P < 0.05.
Abbreviations
LITAF, Lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor; BCL6, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6; p53, Tumor protein p53; PRDM1, PR domain 1; c-Myc, v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog; PARP, Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase; Caspase3, Cysteinyl aspartate protease; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; TNFSF15, Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 15; PAX-5, Paired box 5; PDCD2, Programmed cell death 2; Bcl-XL, B cell lymphoma x Large; STAT6, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; CIDE-3, Cell death inducing DFFA like effector c.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank technical assistance of Core Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. This work was supported by grants from the Nature Science Foundation of China (Nos.81071937 and 30670810) and the Nature Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province in China (No. Y17H160070).
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
There is no conflict of interest among the authors.
REFERENCES
1. Polyak K, Xia Y, Zweier JL, Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B. A model for p53-induced apoptosis. Nature. 1997; 389:300-305.
2. Tang X, Fenton MJ and Amar S. Identification and functional characterization of a novel binding site on TNF-alpha promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100:4096-4101.
3. Myokai F, Takashiba S, Lebo R and Amar S. A novel lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription factor regulating tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression: molecular cloning, sequencing, characterization, and chromosomal assignment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96:4518-4523.
4. Matsumura Y, Matsumura Y, Nishigori C, Horio T and Miyachi Y. PIG7/LITAF gene mutation and overexpression of its gene product in extramammary Paget’s disease. Int J Cancer. 2004; 111:218-223.
5. Lacerda AF, Hartjes E and Brunetti CR. LITAF mutations associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1C show mislocalization from the late endosome/lysosome to the mitochondria. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e103454.
6. Somandin C, Gerber D, Pereira JA, Horn M and Suter U. LITAF (SIMPLE) regulates Wallerian degeneration after injury but is not essential for peripheral nerve development and maintenance: implications for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Glia. 2012; 60:1518-1528.
7. Zhou J, Yang Z, Tsuji T, Gong J, Xie J, Chen C, Li W, Amar S and Luo Z. LITAF and TNFSF15, two downstream targets of AMPK, exert inhibitory effects on tumor growth. Oncogene. 2011; 30:1892-1900.
8. Liu J, Xing H, Chen Y, Wang L, Wang D, Rao Q, Tang K, Tian Z, He K, Wang M and Wang J. PIG7, transactivated by AML1, promotes apoptosis and differentiation of leukemia cells with AML1-ETO fusion gene. Leukemia. 2012; 26:117-126.
9. Abba MC, Drake JA, Hawkins KA, Hu Y, Sun H, Notcovich C, Gaddis S, Sahin A, Baggerly K and Aldaz CM. Transcriptomic changes in human breast cancer progression as determined by serial analysis of gene expression. Breast Cancer Res. 2004; 6:R499-513.
10. Mestre-Escorihuela C, Rubio-Moscardo F, Richter JA, Siebert R, Climent J, Fresquet V, Beltran E, Agirre X, Marugan I, Marin M, Rosenwald A, Sugimoto KJ, Wheat LM, et al. Homozygous deletions localize novel tumor suppressor genes in B-cell lymphomas. Blood. 2007; 109:271-280.
11. Ci W, Polo JM, Cerchietti L, Shaknovich R, Wang L, Yang SN, Ye K, Farinha P, Horsman DE, Gascoyne RD, Elemento O and Melnick A. The BCL6 transcriptional program features repression of multiple oncogenes in primary B cells and is deregulated in DLBCL. Blood. 2009; 113:5536-5548.
12. Chen W, Iida S, Louie DC, Dalla-Favera R and Chaganti RS. Heterologous promoters fused to BCL6 by chromosomal translocations affecting band 3q27 cause its deregulated expression during B-cell differentiation. Blood. 1998; 91:603-607.
13. Basso K and Dalla-Favera R. BCL6: master regulator of the germinal center reaction and key oncogene in B cell lymphomagenesis. Adv Immunol. 2010; 105:193-210.
14. Bertolo C, Roa S, Sagardoy A, Mena-Varas M, Robles EF, Martinez-Ferrandis JI, Sagaert X, Tousseyn T, Orta A, Lossos IS, Amar S, Natkunam Y, Briones J, et al. LITAF, a BCL6 target gene, regulates autophagy in mature B-cell lymphomas. Br J Haematol. 2013; 162:621-630.
15. Ci W, Polo JM and Melnick A. B-cell lymphoma 6 and the molecular pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Curr Opin Hematol. 2008; 15:381-390.
16. Tunyaplin C, Shaffer AL, Angelin-Duclos CD, Yu X, Staudt LM and Calame KL. Direct repression of prdm1 by Bcl-6 inhibits plasmacytic differentiation. J Immunol. 2004; 173:1158-1165.
17. Shaffer AL, Lin KI, Kuo TC, Yu X, Hurt EM, Rosenwald A, Giltnane JM, Yang L, Zhao H, Calame K and Staudt LM. Blimp-1 orchestrates plasma cell differentiation by extinguishing the mature B cell gene expression program. Immunity. 2002;17:51-62.
18. Shaffer AL, Yu X, He Y, Boldrick J, Chan EP and Staudt LM. BCL-6 represses genes that function in lymphocyte differentiation, inflammation, and cell cycle control. Immunity. 2000; 13:199-212.
19. Phan RT and Dalla-Favera R. The BCL6 proto-oncogene suppresses p53 expression in germinal-centre B cells. Nature. 2004; 432:635-639.
20. Basso K and Dalla-Favera R. Roles of BCL6 in normal and transformed germinal center B cells. Immunol Rev. 2012; 247:172-183.
21. Baron BW, Anastasi J, Thirman MJ, Furukawa Y, Fears S, Kim DC, Simone F, Birkenbach M, Montag A, Sadhu A, Zeleznik-Le N and McKeithan TW. The human programmed cell death-2 (PDCD2) gene is a target of BCL6 repression: implications for a role of BCL6 in the down-regulation of apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002; 99:2860-2865.
22. Baron BW, Hyjek E, Gladstone B, Thirman MJ and Baron JM. PDCD2, a protein whose expression is repressed by BCL6, induces apoptosis in human cells by activation of the caspase cascade. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2010; 45:169-175.
23. Kojima S, Hatano M, Okada S, Fukuda T, Toyama Y, Yuasa S, Ito H and Tokuhisa T. Testicular germ cell apoptosis in Bcl6-deficient mice. Development. 2001; 128:57-65.
24. Kwakkenbos MJ, Diehl SA, Yasuda E, Bakker AQ, van Geelen CM, Lukens MV, van Bleek GM, Widjojoatmodjo MN, Bogers WM, Mei H, Radbruch A, Scheeren FA, Spits H, et al. Generation of stable monoclonal antibody-producing B cell receptor-positive human memory B cells by genetic programming. Nat Med. 2010; 16:123-128.
25. Migliazza A, Martinotti S, Chen W, Fusco C, Ye BH, Knowles DM, Offit K, Chaganti RS and Dalla-Favera R. Frequent somatic hypermutation of the 5’ noncoding region of the BCL6 gene in B-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92:12520-12524.
26. Walker SR, Nelson EA and Frank DA. STAT5 represses BCL6 expression by binding to a regulatory region frequently mutated in lymphomas. Oncogene. 2007; 26:224-233.
27. Tang X, Marciano DL, Leeman SE and Amar S. LPS induces the interaction of a transcription factor, LPS-induced TNF-alpha factor, and STAT6(B) with effects on multiple cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102:5132-5137.
28. Oestreich KJ, Mohn SE and Weinmann AS. Molecular mechanisms that control the expression and activity of Bcl-6 in TH1 cells to regulate flexibility with a TFH-like gene profile. Nat Immunol. 2012; 13:405-411.
29. Miyauchi Y, Ninomiya K, Miyamoto H, Sakamoto A, Iwasaki R, Hoshi H, Miyamoto K, Hao W, Yoshida S, Morioka H, Chiba K, Kato S, Tokuhisa T, et al. The Blimp1-Bcl6 axis is critical to regulate osteoclast differentiation and bone homeostasis. J Exp Med. 2010; 207:751-762.
30. Horsley V, O’Carroll D, Tooze R, Ohinata Y, Saitou M, Obukhanych T, Nussenzweig M, Tarakhovsky A and Fuchs E. Blimp1 defines a progenitor population that governs cellular input to the sebaceous gland. Cell. 2006; 126:597-609.
31. Kretzschmar K, Cottle DL, Donati G, Chiang MF, Quist SR, Gollnick HP, Natsuga K, Lin KI and Watt FM. BLIMP1 is required for postnatal epidermal homeostasis but does not define a sebaceous gland progenitor under steady-state conditions. Stem Cell Reports. 2014; 3:620-633.
32. Min J, Zhang W, Gu Y, Hong L, Yao L, Li F, Zhao D, Feng Y, Zhang H and Li Q. CIDE-3 interacts with lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor, and overexpression increases apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Oncol. 2011; 28 Suppl 1:S219-227.
33. Kusam S, Vasanwala FH and Dent AL. Transcriptional repressor BCL-6 immortalizes germinal center-like B cells in the absence of p53 function. Oncogene. 2004; 23:839-844.
34. Kumagai T, Miki T, Kikuchi M, Fukuda T, Miyasaka N, Kamiyama R and Hirosawa S. The proto-oncogene Bc16 inhibits apoptotic cell death in differentiation-induced mouse myogenic cells. Oncogene. 1999; 18:467-475.
35. Moroy T, Saba I and Kosan C. The role of the transcription factor Miz-1 in lymphocyte development and lymphomagenesis-Binding Myc makes the difference. Semin Immunol. 2011; 23:379-387.
36. Lu TX, Young KH, Xu W and Li JY. TP53 dysfunction in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016; 97:47-55.
37. Cillessen SA, Meijer CJ, Notoya M, Ossenkoppele GJ and Oudejans JJ. Molecular targeted therapies for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma based on apoptosis profiles. J Pathol. 2010; 220:509-520.
38. Tran TH, Utama FE, Lin J, Yang N, Sjolund AB, Ryder A, Johnson KJ, Neilson LM, Liu C, Brill KL, Rosenberg AL, Witkiewicz AK and Rui H. Prolactin Inhibits BCL6 Expression in Breast Cancer through a Stat5a-Dependent Mechanism. Cancer Res. 2010; 70:1711-1721.
39. Li Z, Wang X, Yu RY, Ding BB, Yu JJ, Dai XM, Naganuma A, Stanley ER and Ye BH. BCL-6 negatively regulates expression of the NF-kappaB1 p105/p50 subunit. J Immunol. 2005; 174:205-214.
40. Zhang X, Shi Y, Weng Y, Lai Q, Luo T, Zhao J, Ren G, Li W, Pan H, Ke Y, Zhang W, He Q, Wang Q, et al. The Truncate Mutation of Notch2 Enhances Cell Proliferation through Activating the NF-κB Signal Pathway in the Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e108747.
41. Sabattini E, Bacci F, Sagramoso C and Pileri SA. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues in 2008: an overview. Pathologica. 2010; 102:83-87.
42. Yu F, Xie D, Ng SS, Lum CT, Cai MY, Cheung WK, Kung HF, Lin G, Wang X and Lin MC. IFITM1 promotes the metastasis of human colorectal cancer via CAV-1. Cancer Lett. 2015; 368:135-143.
43. Ohashi K, Miki T, Hirosawa S and Aoki N. Characterization of the Promoter Region of Human BCL-6 Gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995; 214:461-467.
