Research Papers:
A next-generation bifunctional photosensitizer with improved water-solubility for photodynamic therapy and diagnosis
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Abstract
Hirotada Nishie1, Hiromi Kataoka1, Shigenobu Yano2, Jun-ichi Kikuchi2, Noriyuki Hayashi1, Atsushi Narumi3, Akihiro Nomoto4, Eiji Kubota1, Takashi Joh1
1Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
2Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
3Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
4Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
Correspondence to:
Hiromi Kataoka, email: [email protected]
Keywords: oligosaccharide-conjugated chlorin, Warburg effect, glycoconjugated chlorin, photodynamic therapy, photodynamic diagnosis
Received: August 21, 2016 Accepted: September 23, 2016 Published: September 30, 2016
ABSTRACT
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) exploits light interactions and photosensitizers to induce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) uses the phenomenon of photosensitizer emitting fluorescence to distinguish some tumors from normal tissue. The standard photosensitizer used for PDD is 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), although it is not entirely satisfactory. We previously reported glucose-conjugated chlorin (G-chlorin) as a more effective photosensitizer than another widely used photosensitizer, talaporfin sodium (TS); however, G-chlorin is hydrophobic. We synthesized oligosaccharide-conjugated chlorin (O-chlorin) with improved water-solubility. We report herein on its accumulation and cytotoxicity. O-chlorin was synthesized and examined for solubility. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to evaluate O-chlorin accumulation in cancer cells. To evaluate the intracellular localization of photosensitizer, cells were stained with O-chlorin and organelle-specific fluorescent probes. We then measured the in vitro fluorescence of various photosensitizers and the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations to evaluate effects in PDD and PDT, respectively. Xenograft tumor models were established, and antitumor and visibility effects were analyzed. O-chlorin was first shown to be hydrophilic. Flow cytometry then revealed a 20- to 40-times higher accumulation of O-chlorin in cancer cells than of TS, and a 7- to 23-times greater fluorescence than 5-ALA. In vitro, the cytotoxicity of O-chlorin PDT was stronger than that of TS PDT, and O-chlorin tended to accumulate in lysosomes. In vivo, O-chlorin showed the best effect in PDT and PDD compared to other photosensitizers.
O-chlorin was hydrophilic and showed excellent tumor accumulation and fluorescence. O-chlorin is promising as a next-generation bifunctional photosensitizer candidate for both PDT and PDD.
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PII: 12366