Abstract
Yihan Ma1, Peiqi Xu2, Yanjun Mi1, Wenyi Wang1, Xiaoyan Pan1, Xiaoting Wu1, Qi He1, Hongming Liu1, Weiwei Tang1, Hanxiang An1
1Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, 361003, Fujian, China
2Reproduction Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University 650101, Yunnan, China
Correspondence to:
Hanxiang An, email: [email protected]
Keywords: circulating miRNA, microarray, NSCLC, EGFR, response
Received: April 29, 2016 Accepted: July 10, 2016 Published: July 24, 2016
ABSTRACT
Based on recognition of driver mutations, treatment paradigm for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has been shifted. However, recently exon 19 deletion mutation (del19) of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) clearly shows better clinical benefit over single-point substitution mutation L858R in exon 21 (L858R). The aim of this study was to investigate the difference by analyzing the expression of plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) of NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation del19 or L858R. MiRNA microarray of plasma from patients’ blood identified 79 mapped, network-eligible miRNAs (fold > 5), of which 76 were up regulated and 3 were down regulated. Genetic network was performed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Among analysis, MYC, Argonaute2 (AGO2), Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1), cyclin E1 (CCNE1) were involved in organismal abnormalities and cancer. Our findings provide information on the epigenetic signature of the two major sensitive mutations among NSCLC and add to the understanding of mechanisms underlying the different outcomes.
INTRODUCTION
Being the leading cause of cancer mortality, lung cancer accounts for almost one third of all death of cancer, of which 75% are NSCLC [1]. Traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, which is widely applied, offers a modest increase in survival but is also restricted by significant toxicity and low response rate among 20%–35% [2]. Activating mutations in EGFR confer hypersensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in NSCLC patients, among which del19 and L858R are the two major classic mutations. Both mutations are consistently associated with dramatic and usually long-lasting response to TKI [3–5]. However, different publications reported that del19 seemed to have better clinical outcome than L858R [6, 7]. Recently, new statistics also indicated that del19 clearly exhibited more beneficial while L858R seemed equal to chemotherapy in overall survival (OS) [8–10]. However, the mechanisms about the difference remain unclear up to date.
MiRNAs are a type of small non-coding single-stranded RNAs with 20–25 nt length, typically regulating gene expression. Their critical roles in the development of various tumors have been widely reported. To some extent, miRNA microarray offers more information than traditional mRNA profiling [11, 12].
In the present study, we investigated the global expression profile of miRNAs from NSCLC patients’ plasma using high-density miRNA microarray containing 3100 capture probes covering all human microRNAs annotated in miRBase 18.0. Interactive networks and gene functions were analyzed using the IPA tool to identify their corresponding mechanisms.
RESULTS
Patient characteristics
The characteristics of patients enrolled in this study were summarized in Table 1. There was no significant difference in the distribution of age, gender, clinical stage and smoking history between the patients with EGFR mutation del19 or L858R.
Table 1: Clinical characteristics of patients with EGFR mutation del19 and L858R
Characteristics | Del19 | L858R | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SD) | 54 ± 8.5 | 58 ± 7.7 | > 0.05 |
Sex | > 0.05 | ||
Male | 5 | 4 | |
Female | 6 | 7 | |
Smoking status | > 0.05 | ||
Smoking | 6 | 4 | |
None or little | 5 | 7 | |
EGFR TKIs | > 0.05 | ||
Erlotinib | 6 | 6 | |
Gefitinib | 5 | 5 | |
Treatment line | > 0.05 | ||
First | 10 | 9 | |
Second | 1 | 2 |
Identification of differently expressed miRNAs between del19 and L858R mutations
To search differentially expressed miRNAs between EGFR del19 and L858R mutations, we performed the global expression profile of patients’ plasma using high-density miRNA microarray containing all human microRNAs annotated. Microarray analysis revealed del19 mutation patients had a significant alteration expression in 79 miRNAs (fold > 5) compared with L858R mutation patients. 76 miRNAs were up-regulated and 3 miRNAs were down-regulated (Supplementary Table S1).
Network and molecular function analyses
79 miRNAs were mapped, network-eligible and classified into genetic networks. Among the 79 miRNAs, 62 shared at least one overlapping gene in common and 3 networks were merged together (Figure 1). IPA also depicted important biological pathways associated with these 3 merged networks (Table 2). Meanwhile, different molecular events directly related to cancer were identified (i.e. cell death and survival, cellular development, cellular growth and proliferation) (Table 3). Furthermore, their relationships with diseases and disorders were also assessed (Table 4).
Figure 1: Interrelated networks of genes and miRNAs whose expression was different between del19 and L858R mutations. In total, three important networks of interrelated miRNAs and target genes were identified. The three networks were merged by overlapping miRNAs.
Table 2: Interactive networks
Network | Molecules | Functions | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | AGO2,CCNE1,CCNE2,DDX20,GRHL3,let-7a-5p,mir-141-3p,mir-142-5p,mir-146a-3p,mir-200b-3p,mir-216a-5p,mir-23a-5p,mir-2682-5p,mir-296-3p,mir-34c-5p,mir-362-5p,mir-455-5p,mir-5-1-3p,mir-628,MYC,SOX17,tretinoin,YBX1 | Organismal injury and abnormalities Cancer | 23 |
2 | Akt,BMPR2,calcifediol,CCKBR,DDX20,ERRFI1,Gulo,HIPK3,IDH1,Insulin,mir-8,mir-10,mir-15,mir-27,mir-95,mir-148,mir-10b-3p,mir-148a-3p,mir-15b-3p,mir-17-5p,mir-19b-3p,mir-21-3p,mir-21-5p,mir-27b-5p,mir-30a-3p,mir-30c-5p,mir-95-3p,MYLIP,N-cadherin,NR4A2,SGCA,SLC12A4,THEM4,Vegf,ZFPM2 | Cancer Reproductive system disease | 22 |
3 | BMF,BMPR2,calcifediol,EPHB6,ERBB4,FSH,FTH1,GNA13,IGF1R,Let-7,let-7a-5p,let-7c-1-3p,mir-30,mir-34,mir-130,mir-221,mir-378,mir-379,mir-506,mir-761,mir-1193,mir-1285,mir-1285-3p,mir-21-5p,mir-214-3p,mir-221-3p,mir-370-5p,mir-378a-3p,mir-379-5p,mir-506-5p,mir-514a-3p,PTPRM,TIMP2,TP53,TPM1 | Developmental disorder Hereditary disorder | 17 |
Network-eligible, overlapping genes (n = 79) whose expression was modified differentially between del19 and L858R mutational patients. Of these 79 differentially expressed miRNAs, 52 miRNAs was divided into three main networks and 10 miRNAs in other networks identified (data not shown). The rest of the genes either did not show any significant change or were not detected from the array.
Table 3: Molecular and cellular functions
Molecular and cellular functions | Molecules |
|---|---|
Cell Death and Survival | 7 |
Cellular Development | 11 |
Cellular Movement | 6 |
Cellular Growth and Proliferation | 10 |
Molecular events directly related to cancer were identified through candidate miRNAs.
Table 4: Diseases and disorders
Diseases and disorders | Molecules |
|---|---|
Organismal injury and abnormalities | 25 |
Reproductive system disease | 16 |
Connective tissue disorders | 8 |
Inflammatory disease | 9 |
Inflammatory response | 9 |
Diseases and disorders directly related to candidate miRNAs founded through IPA.
The other 17 miRNAs which were highly expressed in del19 mutated patients were detected in separate networks without overlapping due to the lack of commonly-shared gene.
Validation of microarray data by real-time PCR
Signaling pathway and network analyses revealed that miR-19b-3p and miR-874 regulate several important targets (DDX20, Akt, and NR4A2; AGO1, TAOK2, and E2F3, respectively) involved in tumorgenesis and progression. These two differentially expressed miRNAs were selected and verified by qRT-PCR using miRNA purified from the same patients used for the microarray experiment. The relative expression levels of selected miRNAs (miR-19b-3p and miR-874) were accordant with microarray data compared between the two activating mutations. (Figure 2). The differential expression of miR-19b-3p detected by qRT-PCR showed statistical significance between two activating mutations patients.
Figure 2: Validation of selected candidate differentially expressed miRNAs using qRT-PCR. The results of transcriptional expression were normalized to the value of internal control (cel-mir-39). The relative expression was shown as mean ± SD. *Statistical significance of differences was analyzed by Student’s test (p < 0.05).
DISCUSSION
Del19 and L858R are gradually being characterized as two distinct mutations with different clinical outcome. However, up to date, no mechanism underlying the difference has been reported. Our original goal was to detect miRNAs and genes differently altered in the two mutants which could partly answer the question. Of all miRNAs on the chip, we finally identified 79 miRNAs with fold > 5. Three major networks were detected and merged via overlapping genes. Network 1 and 2 included genes involved in organismal injury, abnormalities and cancer. Network 3 mainly connected developmental disorder, hereditary disorder, skeletal and muscular disorders.
There are many reports on how the mutations abnormally activate EGFR and their hypersensitivity with TKI. Direct binding measurements show that gefitinib binds 20-fold more tightly to the L858R mutant than the wild-type enzyme [13]. Besides of the fact that L858R is not constitutively in the active conformation [14], it even functions when coexisting with drug resistant mutation [15]. One more explanation for its abnormally high activity is by promoting EGFR dimerization rather than allowing activation independently [16].
Dominant genes in network 1 are MYC, AGO2, YBX1, CCNE1 and interestingly, tretinoin. MYC plays an extremely important role in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cellular transformation [17]. In addition, it has a more specific relationship with lung cancer [18]. AGO2 is vital in RNA silencing process as essential catalytic components of the RNA-induced silencing complex that binds miRNA as guide to specific targets through base pairing to initiate mRNA cleavage or translation inhibition [19, 20]. Since it also functions in inhibiting cell and tumor growth [21], it may be worth investigating. YBX1 was basically altered by AGO2 and MYC with variant relationships with cyclin D1, p53 and other tumor-associated factors [22–24]. CCNE1 functions in initiation of cell proliferation, indicating that the process is probably different between the two mutations. Surprisingly, tretinoin directly regulates almost every important gene presented above.
Network 2 has three important factors connecting almost all the other components. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was honored to be a landmark in oncology [25]. Only since then did people turn to focus on the simple fact that angiogenesis is essential to tumor development. This factor affects tumor vasculature in different ways, allowing the vessels to establish, to grow and to survive [26]. Since VEGF is continuously and highly expressed across wide range of solid tumors, relative drugs have shown beneficial to patients, including those with lung cancer. However, the benefit is complex and unstable, probably involves multiple mechanisms. Insulin not only connects with VEGF and Akt, but also some of the aberrant miRNAs directly. So could it be hypothesized that the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats is connected with the main topic? Or how will insulin influence the benefit? Akt inhibition decreases release of intact insulin proteins in mouse. Akt also functions in cellular pathways, survival for example. Several differently expressed miRNAs including miR-19b-3p identified in this study modulate directly their target Akt and can be involved in Akt-VEGF signaling pathway. As Akt is not the termination of any functional path, further analysis is needed to explore the downstream effect.
Network 3 mainly covered developmental disorders. Being one of the most earliest found oncogenes, P53 is really powerful responding to diverse cellular stresses to regulate target genes that induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence, DNA repair and changes in metabolism. In addition, p53 could induce apoptosis through non-transcriptional cytoplasmic processes. What’s more, P53 enhances posttranscriptional maturation of several miRNAs and directly affects EGFR transcription [27, 28]. Since P53 is frequently mutated or inactivated in all types of lung cancer, the mechanism is still too complicated to clarify so far. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), was known basically in reproduction. However, FSH receptor is expressed by the vascular endothelium in a wide range of human tumors as well. FSH receptor was also found in the majority of metastatic tumors. [29, 30] Coincidentally, FSH also has the ability to up-regulate VEGF to produce angiogenic factors upon vessel maturation; whereas, it also possess the potential to promote p53-induced apoptosis indicated by reduction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP3) [31]. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is an important molecule involving the tumor immunity. A meta-analysis suggested IGF1R positive expression as an unfavorable factor associated with smoking status and tumor size for disease free survival in NSCLC patients [32]. This receptor also connects with hypoxia closely for that hypoxia induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in NSCLC cells through activation of IGF1R [33]. Furthermore, hypoxia increases the population of lung cancer stem cell resistant to gefitinib in EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC by activating IGF1R [34]. In a phase I/II randomized trial, the addition of dalotuzumab (a selective anti-IGF1R antibody) to erlotinib did not improve efficacy outcome in patients with refractory advanced NSCLC [35]. However, in a later study, IGF1R knockdown not only significantly sensitizes resistant cells to afatinib, but also induces apoptosis in afatinib resistance cells. In addition, combination treatment with afatinib and linsitinib shows more than additive effects on tumor growth [36]. A recent research also showed that activation of IGF1R plays a critical role in radio resistance of lung cancer cell through p53 pathway [37]. Therefore, anti-IGF1R therapy remains controversial. Ephrin type-B receptor 6 (EPHB6) influences cell adhesion and migration, the expression of which is usually down regulated during tumor progression. Data shows EPHB6 is a metastasis inhibitory gene frequently silenced by hypermethylation in NSCLC [38]. However, EPHB6 mutations were also proved to promote metastasis in a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer [39]. Calcifediol merges in both network 2 and 3, directly affecting some of the differently expressed miRNAs and was associated with improved survival in NSCLC [40, 41].
In conclusion, the expression of key regulators such as MYC, TP53 and VEGF could be important in distinguishing the relevant mechanisms. Genetic mutation or deletion leads to the inactivation of tumor suppressor gene in the carcinogenesis. Furthermore, miRNAs modify tumor suppressor genes at transcriptional level and suppress their functions in response of TKI [42].
Surely the problem has still too much space to cover. For example, ethnicity, higher prevalence of de novo T790M-resistant mutation in L858R, differential EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation patterns in L858R or even L858R-mutated patients respond better on chemotherapy. Therefore, future studies are needed to examine these in detail and will provide insight into their roles in NSCLC even lung cancer treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection
This study was conducted in line with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University. Prior to TKI treatment, peripheral blood (8 ml) were collected from 22 NSCLC patients harboring either del19 (11 patients) or L858R (11 patients) from August 2013 to February 2016. All patients were pathologically confirmed lung adenocarcinoma and tested EGFR mutation on tumor specimens. Clinical staging was determined according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM classification.
RNA extraction
Plasma was separated within half an hour with two centrifuging steps (850 g/10 min and 2400 g/10 min) at 4°C. Total RNA was isolated from 200 μl plasma. Total RNA was isolated using TRIzol (Invitrogen) and purified with RNeasy mini kit (QIAGEN) according to manufacturer’s instructions. RNA quality and quantity was measured by using nanodrop spectrophotometer (ND-1000, Nanodrop Technologies) and RNA Integrity was determined by gel electrophoresis.
MiRNA labeling and array hybridization
RNA labeling and array hybridization was according to Exiqon’s manual.After quality control, the miRCURY™ Hy3™/Hy5™ Power labeling kit (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark) was used according to the manufacturer’s guideline for miRNA labelling by following steps: 1 μL RNA in 2.0 μL of water was combined with 1.0 μL of CIP buffer and CIP (Exiqon). The mixturewas incubated for 30 min at 37°C. The Reaction was terminated by incubation for 5 min at 95°C. Then 3.0 μL of labeling buffer, 1.5 μL of fluorescent label (Hy3TM), 2.0 μL of DMSO, 2.0 μL of labeling enzyme were added into the mixture.The labelingreaction was incubated for 1 h at 16°C Terminated by incubation for 15 min at 65°C. After stopping the labeling procedure, the Hy3™-labeled samples were hybridized on the miRCURYTM LNA Array (v.18.0) (Exiqon) according to array manual. The total 25 μL mixture from Hy3™-labeled samples with 25 μL hybridization buffer were first denatured for 2 min at 95°C, incubated on ice for 2 min. Then hybridized to the microarray for 16–20 h at 56°C in a 12-Bay Hybridization Systems (Hybridization System - Nimblegen Systems, Inc., Madison, WI, USA). Following hybridization, the slides were achieved, washed several times using Wash buffer kit (Exiqon). Then the slides were scanned using the Axon GenePix 4000B microarray scanner (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA).
Array data analysis
Scanned images were then imported into GenePix Pro 6.0 software for grid alignment and data extraction. Replicated miRNAs were averaged and miRNAs with intensity > = 30 in all samples were chosen for calculating normalization factor. After normalization using the Median normalization factor, significant differentially expressed miRNAs between two groups were identified through Fold change and P-value.
Validation with quantitative real-time PCR
Validation of candidate miRNAs was performed using SYBR green mixtures after reverse-transcription. Cel-mir-39 added in the process of miRNA purification from plasma was used as the internal control. The PCR reaction was evaluated by melting curve analysis and the calculations for determining the relative level of miRNA expression were made using the cycle threshold (Ct) method. The mean Ct values from triplicate measurements were used to calculate relative expression of the target miRNAs with normalization to cel-mir-39 using the 2-ΔCt method.
Network and gene ontology analyses
Genetic networks and functional classification of differentially expressed miRNAs were investigated with IPA (Ingenuity Systems, Mountain View, CA), a web delivered tool that enables the discovery, visualization, and exploration of molecular interaction networks in gene expression data [43].
Statistical analysis
The comparison of different miRNA expression in plasma between del19 and L858R mutations was analyzed using the Students t-test. The Fisher’s test was used to analyze the significance of the genetic networks identified by the IPA tool. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
None.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
None.
GRANT SUPPORT
This study was partially supported by a grant from the Fujian Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission Foundation of Youth Scientific Research Project (grant no. 2015-2-42) and Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau Foundation of Science and Technology Project for the benefit of the people (grant no.3502Z20164010).
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